| Human Anatomy, 6/e Kent Van De Graaff,
Weber State University
Peripheral Nervous System
Chapter SummaryInternal Affairs (104.0K) Introduction to the Peripheral
Nervous System - The peripheral nervous
system consists of sensory receptors and the nerves that convey impulses to
and from the central nervous system. Ganglia and nerve plexuses are also part
of the PNS.
- The cranial nerves arise
from the brain and the spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord.
- Sensory (afferent) nerves
convey impulses toward the CNS, whereas motor (efferent) nerves convey impulses
away from the CNS. Mixed nerves are composed of both sensory and motor fibers.
Cranial Nerves - Twelve pairs of cranial
nerves emerge from the inferior surface of the brain and, with the exception
of the vestibulocochlear nerve, pass through foramina of the skull to innervate
structures in the head, neck, and visceral organs of the trunk.
- The names of the cranial
nerves indicate their primary function or the general distribution of their
fibers.
- The olfactory, optic,
and vestibulocochlear cranial nerves are sensory only; the trigeminal, glossopharyngeal,
and vagus are mixed; and the others are primarily motor, with a few proprioceptive
sensory fibers.
- Some of the cranial nerve
fibers are somatic; others are visceral.
- Tests for cranial-nerve
dysfunction are clinically important in a neurological examination.
Spinal Nerves - Each of the 31 pairs
of spinal nerves is formed by the union of an anterior (ventral) and posterior
(dorsal) spinal root that emerges from the spinal cord through an intervertebral
foramen to innervate a body dermatome.
- The spinal nerves are
grouped according to the levels of the spinal column from which they arise,
and they are numbered in sequence.
- Each spinal nerve is
a mixed nerve consisting of a posterior root of sensory fibers and an anterior
root of motor fibers.
- Just beyond its intervertebral
foramen, each spinal nerve divides into several branches.
Nerve Plexuses - Except in thoracic nerves
T2 through T12, the anterior rami of the spinal nerves combine and then split
again as networks of nerves called plexuses.
- There are four plexuses
of spinal nerves: the cervical, the brachial, the lumbar, and the sacral.
- Nerves that emerge
from the plexuses are named according to the structures they innervate
or the general course they take.
- The cervical plexus is
formed by the anterior rami of C1 through C4 and a portion of C5.
- The brachial plexus is
formed by the anterior rami of C5 through T1, and occasionally by some fibers
from C4 and T2.
- The brachial plexus
is divided into roots, trunks, divisions, and cords.
- The axillary, radial,
musculocutaneous, ulnar, and median are the five largest nerves arising
from the brachial plexus.
- The lumbar plexus is
formed by the anterior rami of L1 through L4 and by some fibers from T12.
- The lumbar plexus
is divided into roots and divisions.
- The femoral and obturator
are two important nerves arising from the lumbar plexus.
- The sacral plexus is
formed by the anterior rami of L4, L5, and S1 through S4.
- The sacral plexus
is divided into roots and divisions.
- The sciatic nerve,
composed of the common fibular and tibial nerves, arises from the sacral
plexus.
- The lumbar plexus
and the sacral plexus are collectively referred to as the lumbosacral
plexus.
Reflex Arc and Reflexes
- The conduction pathway
of a reflex arc consists of a receptor, a sensory neuron, a motor neuron and
its innervation in the PNS, and a center containing an association neuron
in the CNS. The reflex arc enables a rapid, automatic response to a potentially
threatening stimulus.
- A reflex arc is the simplest
type of nerve pathway.
- Visceral reflexes cause
smooth or cardiac muscle to contract or glands to secrete.
- Somatic reflexes cause
skeletal muscles to contract.
- The stretch reflex
is a monosynaptic reflex arc.
- The flexor reflex
is a polysynaptic reflex arc.
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