Internal Affairs (110.0K) Overview of Sensory Perception
- Sensory organs are specialized
extensions of the nervous system that respond to specific stimuli and conduct
nerve impulses.
- A stimulus to a receptor
that conducts an impulse to the brain is necessary for perception.
- Sensory organs act as
energy filters that permit perception of only a narrow range of energy.
Classification of the
Senses - The senses are classified
according to structure or location of the receptors, or on the basis of the
stimuli to which the receptors respond.
- The receptor cells for
the general senses are widespread throughout the body and are simple in structure.
The receptor cells for the special sensory organs are localized in complex
receptor organs and have extensive neural pathways.
- The somatic senses arise
in cutaneous receptors and proprioceptors; visceral senses arise in receptors
located within the visceral organs.
- Phasic receptors respond
quickly to a stimulus but then adapt and decrease their firing rate. Tonic
receptors produce a constant rate of firing.
Somatic Senses - Corpuscles of touch,
free nerve endings, and root hair plexuses are tactile receptors, responding
to light touch.
- Lamellated corpuscles
are pressure receptors located in the deep dermis or hypodermis. They are
also associated with synovial joints.
- The organs of Ruffini
and bulbs of Krause are both mechanoreceptors; they respond to deep and light
pressure, respectively.
- Free nerve endings respond
to light touch and are the principal pain receptors. They also serve as thermoreceptors,
responding to changes in temperature.
- Joint kinesthetic receptors,
neuromuscular spindles, and neurotendinous receptors are proprioceptors that
are sensitive to changes in stretch and tension.
Olfactory Sense - Olfactory receptors of
the olfactory nerve respond to chemical stimuli and transmit the sensation
of olfaction (smell) to the cerebral cortex.
- Olfaction functions closely
with gustation (taste) in that the receptors of both are chemoreceptors, requiring
dissolved substances for stimuli.
Gustatory Sense - Taste receptors in taste
buds are chemoreceptors and transmit the sensation of gustation to the cerebral
cortex.
- Taste buds are found
in the vallate and fungiform papillae of the tongue. Filiform papillae are
not involved in taste perception; they give the tongue an abrasive feel.
- The kinds of taste sensation
are sweet, salty, sour, and bitter.
Visual Sense - Protective structures
of the eye include the eyebrow, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, and lacrimal
gland.
- Six extrinsic ocular
muscles control the movement of the eyeball.
- The eyeball consists
of the fibrous tunic, which is divided into the sclera and cornea; the vascular
tunic, which consists of the choroid, the ciliary body, and the iris; and
the internal tunic, or retina. The retina has an outer pigmented layer and
an inner nervous layer. The transparent lens is not part of any tunic.
- Rod and cone cells, which
are the photoreceptors in the nervous layer of the retina, respond to dim
and colored light, respectively. Cone cells are concentrated in the fovea
centralis, the area of keenest vision.
- Rod and cone cells contain
specific pigments that provide sensitivity to different light rays.
- The visual process includes
the transmission and refraction of light rays, accommodation of the lens,
constriction of the pupil, and convergence of the eyes.
- Refraction is achieved
as incoming light rays pass through the cornea, aqueous humor, lens, and
vitreous humor.
- A sharp focus is
accomplished as the curvature of the lens is changed by autonomic contraction
of smooth muscles within the ciliary body.
- Neural pathways from
the retina to the superior colliculus help to regulate eye and body movements.
Most fibers from the retina project to the lateral geniculate body, and from
there to the striate cortex.
- The sensory components
of the eye have been formed by 20 weeks; the accessory structures have been
formed by 32 weeks.
Senses of Hearing and
Balance - The outer ear consists
of the auricle and the external acoustic canal.
- The middle ear (tympanic
cavity), bounded by the tympanic membrane and the vestibular and cochlear
windows, contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) and the
auditory muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius).
- The middle-ear cavity
connects to the pharynx through the auditory tube.
- The inner ear contains
the spiral organ for hearing. It also contains the semicircular canals, saccule,
and utricle (located in the vestibule) for maintaining balance and equilibrium.
- The development of the
ear begins during the fourth week and is complete by the thirty-second week.
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