Internal Affairs (113.0K) Introduction to the Male
Reproductive System - The common purpose of
the male and female reproductive systems is to produce offspring.
- The functions of the
male reproductive system are to produce spermatozoa, secrete androgens, and
transfer spermatozoa to the reproductive system of the female.
- Features of the male
reproductive system include the primary sex organs (the testes), secondary
sex organs (those that are essential for reproduction), and secondary sex
characteristics (sexual attractants, expressed after puberty).
Perineum and Scrotum
- The saclike scrotum,
located in the urogenital portion of the perineum, supports and protects the
testes and regulates their position relative to the pelvic region of the body.
- Each testis is contained
within its own scrotal compartment and is separated from the other by the
scrotal septum.
Testes - The testes are partitioned
into wedge-shaped lobules; the lobules are composed of seminiferous tubules,
which produce sperm cells, and of interstitial tissue, which produces androgens.
- Spermatogenesis occurs
by meiotic division of the cells that line the seminiferous tubules.
- At the end of the
first meiotic division, two secondary spermatocytes have been produced.
- At the end of the
second meiotic division, four haploid spermatids have been produced.
- The conversion of spermatids
to spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis.
- A sperm consists of a
head and a flagellum and matures in the epididymides prior to ejaculation.
- The acrosome of the
head contains digestive enzymes for penetrating an ovum.
- The flagellum provides
undulating movement of about 3 mm per hour.
Spermatic Ducts, Accessory
Reproductive Glands, and the Urethra - The epididymides and
the ductus deferentia are the components of the spermatic ducts.
- The highly coiled
epididymides are the tubular structures on the testes where spermatozoa
mature and are stored.
- The ductus deferentia
convey spermatozoa from the epididymides to the ejaculatory ducts during
emission. Each ductus deferens forms a component of the spermatic cord.
- The seminal vesicles
and prostate provide additives to the spermatozoa in the formation of semen.
- The seminal vesicles
are located posterior to the base of the urinary bladder; they secrete
about 60% of the additive fluid of semen.
- The prostate surrounds
the urethra just below the urinary bladder; it secretes about 40% of the
additive fluid of semen.
- Spermatozoa constitute
less than 1% of the volume of an ejaculate.
- The small bulbourethral
glands secrete fluid that serves as a lubricant for the erect penis in
preparation for coitus.
- The male urethra, which
serves both the urinary and reproductive systems, is divided into prostatic,
membranous, and spongy portions.
Penis - The penis is specialized
to become erect for insertion into the vagina during coitus.
- The body of the penis
consists of three columns of erectile tissue, the spongy urethra, and associated
vessels and nerves.
- The root of the penis
is attached to the pubic arch and urogenital diaphragm.
- The glans penis is the
terminal end, which is covered with the prepuce in an uncircumcised male.
Mechanisms of Erection,
Emission, and Ejaculation - Erection of the penis
occurs as the erectile tissue becomes engorged with blood. Emission is the
movement of the spermatozoa from the epididymides to the ejaculatory ducts,
and ejaculation is the forceful expulsion of semen from the ejaculatory ducts
and urethra of the penis.
- Parasympathetic stimuli
to arteries in the penis cause the erectile tissue to engorge with blood as
arteriole flow increases and venous drainage decreases.
- Ejaculation is the result
of sympathetic reflexes in the smooth muscles of the male reproductive organs.
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