| Human Anatomy, 6/e Kent Van De Graaff,
Weber State University
Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton
Chapter SummaryInternal Affairs (201.0K) Pectoral Girdle and Upper
Extremity - The pectoral girdle consists
of the paired scapular and clavicles. Anteriorly, each clavicle articulates
with the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint.
- Distinguishing features
of the clavicle include the acromial and sternal extremities, conoid tubercle,
and costal tuberosity.
- Distinguishing features
of the scapula include the spine, acromion, and coracoid process; the
supraspinous, infraspinous, and subscapular fossae; the glenoid cavity;
the coracoid process; superior, medial, and lateral borders; and superior,
inferior, and lateral angles.
- The brachium contains
the humerus, which extends from the shoulder to the elbow.
- Proximally, distinguishing
features of the humerus include a rounded head, greater and lesser tubercles,
an anatomical neck, and an intertubercular groove. Distally, they include
medial and lateral epicondyles, coronoid and olecranon fossae, a capitulum,
and a trochlea.
- The head of the humerus
articulates proximally with the glenoid cavity of the scapula; distally,
the trochlea and capitulum articulate with the ulna and radius, respectively.
- The antebrachium contains
the ulna (medially) and the radius (laterally).
- Proximally, distinguishing
features of the ulna include the olecranon and coronoid processes, the
trochlear notch, and the radial notch. Distally, they include the styloid
process and head of ulna.
- Proximally, distinguishing
features of the radius include the head and neck of radius and the tuberosity
of radius. Distally, they include the styloid process and ulnar notch.
- The hand contains 27
bones including 8 carpal bones, 5 metacarpal bones, and 14 phalanges.
Pelvic Girdle and Lower
Extremity - The pelvic girdle is
formed by two ossa coxae, united anteriorly at the symphysis pubis. It is
attached posteriorly to the sacrum-a bone of the axial skeleton.
- The pelvis is divided
into a greater pelvis, which helps to support the pelvic viscera, and a lesser
pelvis, which forms the walls of the birth canal.
- Each os coxae consists
of an ilium, ischium, and pubis. Distinguishing features of the os coxae include
an obturator foramen and an acetabulum, the latter of which is the socket
for articulation with the head of the femur.
- Distinguishing features
of the ilium include an iliac crest, iliac fossa, anterior superior iliac
spine, anterior inferior iliac spine, and greater sciatic notch.
- Distinguishing features
of the ischium include the body, ramus, ischial tuberosity, and lesser
sciatic notch.
- Distinguishing features
of the pubis include the ramus and pubic tubercle. The two pubic bones
articulate at the symphysis pubis.
- The thigh contains the
femur, which extends from the hip to the knee, where it articulates with the
tibia and the patella.
- Proximally, distinguishing
features of the femur include the head, fovea capitus femoris, neck, and
greater and lesser trochanters. Distally, they include the lateral and
medial epicondyles, the lateral and medial condyles, and the patellar
surface. The linea aspera is a roughened ridge positioned vertically along
the posterior aspect of the body of the femur.
- The head of the femur
articulates proximally with the acetabulum of the os coxae and distally
with the condyles of the tibia and the articular facets of the patella.
- The leg contains the
tibia medially and the fibula laterally.
- Proximally, distinguishing
features of the tibia include the medial and lateral condyles, medial
and lateral epicondyles, intercondylar eminence, and tibial tuberosity.
Distally, they include the medial malleolus and fibular notch. The anterior
crest is a sharp ridge extending the anterior length of the tibia.
- Distinguishing features
of the fibula include the head proximally and the lateral malleolus distally.
- The foot contains 26
bones including 7 tarsal bones, 5 metatarsal bones, and 14 phalanges.
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