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| genetics Gregor Mendel heredity inheritence true-breeding hybrid crosses monohybrid dihybrid recessive dominant gene law of segregation allele homozygous heterozygous chromosome genotype phenotype wild-type mutant filial P F1 generation F2 generation phenotypic ratio genotypic ratio Punnett square test cross Mendelian trait autosomal X-linked Y-linked carrier pedigree autosomal recessive autosomal dominant law of independent assortment product rule probability Mendelian ratios lethal allele combination multiple alleles penetrance expressivity polydactyl pleiotropy epistasis ABO incomplete dominance codominant phenocopy conditional mutation genetic heterogeneity polygenic multifactorial complex trait empiric risk heritability environmental influences monozygotic twin dizygotic twin concordance |