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| inherited variation mutation gene pool gamete allele allele frequencies Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium p + q = 1 p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 genotype frequencies homozygous heterozygous nonrandom mating migration genetic drift natural selection sexual selection gene flow cline founder effect population bottleneck genetic load directional selection industrial melanism disruptive (diversifying) selection stabilizing selection balanced polymorphism malaria sickle-cell disease in vitro |