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| thermoregulation ectotherms endotherm countercurrent exchange system thermogenesis brown fat evaporative cooling honey-crop imbibes carotid rete emissary veins cranial radiator osmoregulation osmoconformers osmoregulators salt gland nitrogenous wastes ammonia uric acid urea gout nephridia excretory systems flame cell system secretion reabsorption nephridial excretory system nephrostome nephridiopore malpighian tubules kidneys nephrons urinary system ureter urinary bladder urethra sphincters glomerulus renal tubule peritubular capillaries nephron renal cortex renal medulla renal pelvis afferent arteriole efferent arteriole glomerular (or Bowman's) capsule proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop descending limb ascending limb distal convoluted tubule vasa recta aldosterone collecting duct urine osmotic pressure antidiuretic hormone (ADH) diabetes insipidus diuretic renin |