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Chapter 13: Viruses of Bacteria
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1
Early studies of viruses showed that they were more like chemicals than living things. Some of the chemical properties of viruses are
A)crystallizable.
B)perceptible with ethyl alcohol.
C)extremely small size, more like molecules.
D)ability to withstand high heat.
E)a and b above.
2
The nucleic acid of a mature virion can take on several different forms. It may be
A)DNA or RNA, but generally not both in the same virus.
B)linear or circular DNA.
C)single- or double-stranded RNA.
D)single- or double-stranded DNA.
E)all of the above.
3
Viruses exhibit several different interactive strategies in the host cell. Which of the following does not describe one of those strategies?
A)The virus takes over the host cell metabolism and destroys the cell.
B)The virus does not take over the cell's metabolism and leaves the cell without killing it.
C)The virus integrates its nucleic acid into that of the host cell and lives harmoniously with the cell for a long time.
D)The virus takes over the host cell metabolism but does not reproduce itself.
E)The virus integrates its nucleic acid into that of the host cell, but eventually lyses the host cell upon exiting from it.
4
In comparison to a cell, a virus
A)is 200 to 400 times smaller.
B)is an obligate intracellular parasite.
C)contains very few, if any enzymes.
D)lacks ribosomes.
E)all of the above.
5
There are six basic steps in the process of viral (phage) replication. During attachment
A)the virus attaches to the cell by ionic bonds.
B)the virus attaches to specific receptor sites on the cell.
C)the virus attaches to specific proteins or carbohydrates on the cell.
D)a and b above.
E)b and c above.
6
During phage replication early proteins are produced. Early proteins are
A)proteins that were lying dormant in the host cell.
B)phage-induced proteins coded by phage DNA.
C)essential DNA sequences.
D)non-essential proteins.
E)nascent peptides.
7
One of the earliest formed phage proteins is
A)a nuclease that degrades the host cell's DNA.
B)an enzyme that dissolves the cell membrane.
C)an enzyme that copies the phage DNA.
D)an enzyme that destroys cell ribosomes.
E)all of the above.
8
Self-assembly refers to
A)a process in which viral enzymes are used to assemble the phage.
B)a process in which viral protein components come together without any enzyme catalyst.
C)a process in which cellular proteins are used to assemble virus particles.
D)a process that contributes ATP to the assembly of phage particles.
E)all of the above.
9
Which of the following bacteriophages contain single-stranded RNA and are lytic?
A)Φ174 and Qβ.
B)T4 and M13.
C)β and MS2.
D)Qβ and MS2.
E)Φ174 and T4.
10
Lysozyme is needed for viruses to escape from the host cell. A virus that makes lysozyme will likely make it _______ in the infection cycle and will be ________.
A)early ....... lytic.
B)late ....... lytic.
C)early ...... temperate.
D)late ....... temperate.
E)none of these.
11
The burst size of the T4 phage is about 200 virions per cell. If the replicative cycle of T4 is 30 minutes, how many virions will be present after four hours of infection, assuming there an unlimited number of host cells present to perpetuate the infection process?
A)1.6 x 103 virions
B)2.56 x 1018 virions
C)256 virions x 1018
D)none of these
12
In a temperate infection the phage DNA becomes ______ into the host cell's chromosome; at this point the phage is called a ______.
A)lytic ...... lysogen.
B)integrated ...... prophage.
C)excised ....... exorcist.
D)lytic ...... prophage.
E)integrated ...... lysogen.
13
An RNA polymerase is required to convert ______________ in RNA phage replication
A)RNA to DNA.
B)DNA to RNA.
C)negative sense RNA to positive sense RNA.
D)positive sense RNA to negative sense RNA.
E)RNA to ribosomes.
14
Site-specific recombination refers to the process in which
A)the phage l DNA inserts into a specific site in the E. coli DNA.
B)the phage l DNA atc site inserts into the DNA of E. coli.
C)the phage l DNA P site inserts into the DNA of E. coli.
D)the l DNA inserts into the B region of E. coli DNA.
E)All of the above.
15
Which of the following bacteria must be infected with a phage before it can produce its toxin?
A)E. coli and Streptococcus pyogenes.
B)Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Streptococcus pyogenes.
C)Corynebacterium diphtheriae and E. coli.
D)Vibrio cholerae, E. coli and Streptococcus pyogenes.
E)Streptococcus pyogenes, Shigella sonnei and Bacillus anthraci.
16
Specialized transduction refers to
A)the transfer of only a few specific genes from one bacterium to another.
B)the in vitro transfer of specialized genes to a bacterium.
C)the transfer of DNA from a phage to another phage.
D)the transfer of RNA from one bacterium to another.
E)none of these
17
A defective phage is one that
A)has no nucleic acid.
B)lacks the attachment proteins required to allow cellular infection.
C)has viral as well as some cellular DNA in its genome.
D)is not infective.
E)lacks r-RNA.
18
The host range of a phage refers to
A)the fact that most phage isolates are difficult to grow in the laboratory.
B)the number of different species of bacteria that the phage can infect.
C)the number of different phages that are similar to the phage in question.
D)the factors that restrict phage transmission.
E)none of these.
19
A restriction endonuclease is an enzyme that recognizes
A)a distinct base sequence in DNA and cleaves the DNA at that sequence.
B)a distinct amino acid sequence in a protein and cleaves the protein at that sequence.
C)methyl groups on DNA and cleaves a site directly adjacent to the methyl group.
D)distinct DNA sequences and completes the transformation process.
E)none of these
20
An alternative to antibiotic treatment has been used with some success in a country for many years. This alternative uses bacteriophages to destroy bacteria that are infecting humans. The country where this treatment has been used is
A)Sudan.
B)United States.
C)the former Soviet Union.
D)France.
E)Ireland.
21
Bacteriophages are harmful to humans if they:
A)Attach to blood cells
B)Cannot be removed from the body
C)Attack helpful intestinal bacteria
D)Invade the brain
E)None of the above
22
A drug that interferes with viral self-assembly would be least effective on the spread of these types of viruses.
A)Lytic phage DNA
B)Filamentous
C)temperate lysogenic prophage
D)Lytic phage RNA
E)It would not be effective on any of the above.
23
A scientist wishes to produce an E. coli capable of producing cholera toxin. Which is the best method for achieving this?
A)Insert a plasmid from a Vibrio cholerae
B)Insert a prophage from Vibrio cholerae
C)Insert genomic DNA from Vibrio cholerae
D)Insert RNA from Vibrio cholerae
E)None of the above will work
24
A virologist is studying T4 infection of a new variety of E. coli. She notices that the bacteria she is growing in culture are not forming plaques after being exposed to the virus. What is the most probable explanation for this observation?
A)The bacteria have a prior infection with MS2.
B)The bacteria are dead.
C)The viral DNA has mutated.
D)The bacteria are carrying lysogenic T4.
E)The bacteria have mutated.
25
Damaging mutations to the ________________ gene can prevent prophages from remaining in the bacterial DNA.
A)viral induction
B)bacterial restriction endonuclease
C)bacterial RNA polymerase
D)bacterial repressor
E)viral repressor





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