CHANGES TO THE EIGHTH EDITION
Before I began writing this new edition, my editors at McGraw-Hill repeated a successful technique introduced at the last revision cycle: they requested users of the previous edition to send in their suggestions and comments, focusing on their chapters of particular interest. Thus, every chapter was reviewed several times over by people who had experience using the book in their own classrooms. The eighth edition benefited enormously by this input. It also benefited greatly through the reviews provided by faculty who previously used other texts.
Updates and Additions
The eighth edition incorporates a number of new and recently modified physiological concepts. This may surprise people who are unfamiliar with the subject; indeed, I'm sometimes asked if the field really changes much from one edition to the next. It does; that's one of the reasons physiology is so much fun to study. I've tried to impart this sense of excitement and fun in the book by indicating, in a manner appropriate for this level of text, where knowledge is new and where gaps in our knowledge remain. Following is a partial list of the topical additions and updates made to the eighth edition. New figures added to support the coordinating text discussion are also indicated.
Chapter 1: The Study of Body Function
Animal models of human diseases
Use of measurements and controls in physiology
Use of statistics in physiology
Homeostasis of blood glucose as example of negative feedback mechanisms
Structural formulas for NAD+, NADH, FAD, and FADH2 (fig. 4.17)
Chapter 6: Interactions Between Cells and the Extracellular Environment
Discussion of integrins
Gated ion channels in introduction to ion channels
Transport across epithelial membranes
Gated ion channels (fig. 6.4)
Red blood cells in isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions (fig. 6.11)
Concentrations of ions in the intracellular and extracellular fluids (fig. 6.23)
Chapter 7: The Nervous System: Neurons and Synapses
Astrocytes needed for the formation of synapses
The action of local anesthetics
The two types of channel inactivation mechanisms
The function of endocannabinoid neurotransmitters
Different types of neuroglial cells (fig. 7.5)
Chapter 8: The Central Nervous System
Technology for visualizing brain function
Role of neural stem cells in learning and memory
Synaptic effect of abused drugs
Glutamate receptors in long-term potentiation (fig. 8.15)
Chapter 9: The Autonomic Nervous System
Cocaine as a sympathomimetic drug
Synapses en passant
Sympathetic and parasympathetic axons release different neurotransmitters (fig. 9.9)
The receptors involved in autonomic regulation (fig. 9.10)
Comparison of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors (fig. 9.11)
Chapter 10: Sensory Physiology
Mechanisms of taste cell activation
Functions of the retinal pigment epithelium
Macular degeneration
Mechanisms of taste cell activation (fig. 10.8)
Effects of light on retinal cells (fig. 10.39)
Light causes closing of Na+ channels (fig. 10.38)
Ganglion cell receptive fields (fig. 10.45)
Chapter 11: Endocrine Glands: Secretion and Action of Hormones
Steroid hormone receptors
cGMP as a second messenger and the action of Viagra
Chapter 12: Muscle: Mechanisms of Contraction and Neural Control
Muscle structure: M lines and titin
Eccentric muscle contractions
Type IIX muscle fibers
Mechanisms of muscle fatigue
Genetic differences in muscle fiber types
Role of troponin T, C, and I, and their use in diagnosing myocardial infarction
A single motor unit (fig. 12.4b)
Power stroke of the cross-bridge (fig. 12.11)
Incomplete and complete tetanus (fig. 12.18)
Relative abundance of different muscle fiber types (fig. 12.25)
Chapter 13: Heart and Circulation
The capillary filtration barrier
Calcium-stimulated calcium release in cardiac muscle
Correlation of the ECG with the action potential (fig. 13.21)
Chapter 14: Cardiac Output, Blood Flow, and Blood Pressure
Length-tension relationship in cardiac compared to skeletal muscle
Comparison of cardiac and skeletal muscle length-tension relationships (fig. 14.4)
Chapter 15: The Immune System
AIDS incidence and treatments
Mechanisms of allergy and asthma
Stages in the migration of white blood cells out of capillaries (fig. 15.1)
Antigens on the surface of a bacterium (fig. 15.8)
Migration of dendritic cells to lymphoid organs to activate T cells (fig. 15.15)
Chapter 16: Respiratory Physiology
Role of nitric oxide in the hypoxic ventilatory response
Chapter 17: Physiology of the Kidneys
Tubular secretion of drugs and organic anion transporters
Use of drugs to inhibit renal tubular secretion of antibiotics
How homeostasis is maintained by the action of ADH (fig. 17.20)
Chapter 18: The Digestive System
Regulation of swallowing
Stomach secretion of ghrelin
Slow wave conduction by interstitial cells of Cajal
Amounts of bile salts recirculated and excreted
Transporters that secrete xenobiotics into bile
Drugs, SXR nuclear receptors, and cytochrome P450 enzymes
Slow waves in the intestine (fig. 18.15)
Pathway for the metabolism of heme and bilirubin (fig. 18.23)
A pancreatic acinus (fig. 18.28b)
Chapter 19: Regulation of Metabolism
Free radicals, oxidative stress, antioxidants and homeostasis
Role of ghrelin in the regulation of hunger
Drugs that bind PPAR( nuclear receptors for treating type 2 Diabetes
Factors that affect calorie expenditures
Regulation of adaptive thermogenesis
Impaired glucose tolerance and oral glucose tolerance test
Lifestyle changes and impaired glucose tolerance
Bone resorption and deposition
Mechanisms of osteoclast activity
Role of estrogens in bone mineralization
Reactive oxygen species production and defense (fig. 19.1)
The action of leptin (fig. 19.3)
The regulation of insulin secretion (fig. 19.7)
Resorption of bone by osteoclasts (fig. 19.18b)
Chapter 20: Reproduction
Role of estrogens in spermatogenesis
Role of nitric oxide in penile erection
Production of weak estrogens in postmenopausal women
Embryonic stem cells and cloning technology
Totipotency, pluripotency, and transdifferentiation
Genetic screening of neonates
Umbilical cord blood banking
Passive immunization of fetus and baby by maternal antibodies
Role of nitric oxide in erection and the action of Viagra (fig. 20.23)
Implantation of the blastocyst (fig. 20.45b)
Maternal antibodies that protect the baby (fig. 20.56)
Art Improvements
The most immediately apparent changes in this edition are in the art program. Although previous editions were praised for the high quality of the figures -- their clarity, pedagogical usefulness, and beauty -- the art in the current edition represents a marked improvement. Virtually all of the figures depicting structures that were carried over from the previous edition have been revised with a view toward improving the clarity with which they depict physiological concepts. In some cases, this involved changes in labeling; in other cases, changes in the content or balance of the figure components. In most cases, the revisions included making the art more three-dimensional and using more vibrant colors.
The complete revision of the art program allowed us to standardize the appearance of particular structures so that like structures are presented consistently across figures in all chapters of the book. This continuity makes it easier for students to interpret each figure, thereby improving the clarity of the total presentation.
In addition to updating the existing artwork to achieve more dimension and continuity, many entirely new figures have been added to the eighth edition. Despite the many figure changes, the philosophy of the art program remains the same as in previous editions: the art supports the text explanation; it does not substitute for text explanation. This allows students to learn difficult concepts by following detailed explanations, rather than by trying to decipher overly complex figures. Thus, although the newly enhanced art program attracts the eye, its purpose is not to dazzle but to better illustrate the physiological concepts described in the text.
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2004 McGraw-Hill Higher Education