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1 | | The polymers in food are broken down into their constituent monomers by ____ reactions in the digestive tract. |
| | A) | polymerization |
| | B) | absorption |
| | C) | condensation |
| | D) | hydrolysis |
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2 | | The digestive system is specialized to perform all of the following functions except |
| | A) | deglutition |
| | B) | peristalsis |
| | C) | metabolism |
| | D) | defecation |
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3 | | Which of the following is part of the gastrointestinal system, but not the gastrointestinal tract? |
| | A) | buccal cavity |
| | B) | stomach |
| | C) | salivary glands |
| | D) | small intestine |
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4 | | Which of the following is an accessory organ of the digestive system? |
| | A) | teeth |
| | B) | rectum |
| | C) | stomach |
| | D) | ascending colon |
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5 | | The myenteric plexus would be found within the |
| | A) | mucosa |
| | B) | muscularis |
| | C) | submucosa |
| | D) | serosa |
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6 | | Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers are characteristic of the ____ layer of the digestive tract. |
| | A) | lamina propria |
| | B) | muscularis mucosa |
| | C) | submucosa |
| | D) | muscularis |
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7 | | The lamina propria is associated with the |
| | A) | mucosa |
| | B) | muscularis |
| | C) | serosa |
| | D) | submucosa |
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8 | | Most of the digestive system receives its parasympathetic innervation from the |
| | A) | vagus nerve. |
| | B) | thoracic spinal nerves. |
| | C) | lumbar spinal nerves. |
| | D) | sacral spinal nerves. |
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9 | | Regurgitation of stomach contents is normally prevented by the actions of the |
| | A) | lower esophageal sphincer. |
| | B) | gastroesophageal junction. |
| | C) | esophageal hiatus. |
| | D) | glottis. |
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10 | | To enter the small intestine, partially digested food must pass through the |
| | A) | gastroesophageal sphincter. |
| | B) | pyloric sphincter. |
| | C) | ileocecal valve. |
| | D) | sphincter of Oddi. |
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11 | | Mucus is secreted throughout much of the gastrointestinal tract by |
| | A) | G cells. |
| | B) | enterochromaffin-like cells. |
| | C) | parietal cells. |
| | D) | goblet cells. |
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12 | | Which of the following cell types is found in an accessory digestive organ? |
| | A) | beta cells |
| | B) | G cells |
| | C) | goblet cells |
| | D) | parietal cells |
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13 | | Hormones are secreted by |
| | A) | chief cells. |
| | B) | parietal cells. |
| | C) | G cells. |
| | D) | goblet cells. |
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14 | | The hydrochloric acid secreted by the parietal cells of the stomach will do all of the following, except |
| | A) | increase the activity of pepsin. |
| | B) | hydrolyzes peptide bonds. |
| | C) | denature dietary proteins. |
| | D) | stimulate the activation of pepsin. |
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15 | | The most important function of the stomach, and perhaps the only function that appears to be essential for life is the |
| | A) | digestion of carbohydrates. |
| | B) | digestion of proteins. |
| | C) | absorption of monosaccharides. |
| | D) | secretion of intrinsic factor. |
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16 | | Acute gastritis can result from |
| | A) | the presence of Helicobacter pylori. |
| | B) | deficiency of bicarbonate. |
| | C) | deficient secretion of hydrochloric acid. |
| | D) | histamine secretion. |
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17 | | The absorptive surface area of the small intestine is increased by all of the following except |
| | A) | villi. |
| | B) | microvilli. |
| | C) | crypts of Lieberkühn. |
| | D) | plicae circulares. |
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18 | | Gastric acid secretion is decreased by the actions of |
| | A) | epinephrine. |
| | B) | gastrin. |
| | C) | histamine. |
| | D) | acetylcholine. |
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19 | | The longest part of the small intestine is the |
| | A) | duodenum. |
| | B) | jejunum. |
| | C) | ileum. |
| | D) | cecum. |
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20 | | More ____ is absorbed by the duodenum and the jejunum than by the ileum. |
| | A) | vitamin B12 |
| | B) | water |
| | C) | carbohydrate |
| | D) | bile salt |
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21 | | The lacteals of the small intestine are found in the |
| | A) | intestinal crytps |
| | B) | central core of each villus |
| | C) | submucosa |
| | D) | each microvillus |
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22 | | In the small intestine lipids are absorbed |
| | A) | into the lacteals |
| | B) | into the intestinal crypts. |
| | C) | by the actions of enterokinase. |
| | D) | by goblet cells |
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23 | | The term brush border refers to the |
| | A) | plicae circulares. |
| | B) | rugae. |
| | C) | microvilli. |
| | D) | villi. |
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24 | | Which of the following is a brush border enzyme? |
| | A) | pepsin |
| | B) | lactase |
| | C) | trypsin |
| | D) | amylase |
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25 | | Pacemaker cells of the small intestine that regulate slow wave contractions are |
| | A) | nerve cells. |
| | B) | smooth muscle cells. |
| | C) | connected to smoth muscle cells by gap junctions. |
| | D) | part of the myenteric plexus. |
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26 | | Lactose, salt, or other solutes that increase the osmolarity of the contents of the colon tend to cause |
| | A) | diverticulitis. |
| | B) | acute gastritiss. |
| | C) | diarrhea. |
| | D) | ulcerative colitis. |
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27 | | The ____ prevent(s) feces from entering the anal canal when it is an inopportune time to defecate. |
| | A) | haustra |
| | B) | anal sphincters |
| | C) | ileocecal valve |
| | D) | diverticula |
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28 | | Bile contains all of the following components except |
| | A) | lecithin |
| | B) | albumin |
| | C) | cholesterol |
| | D) | urobilinogen |
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29 | | Jaundice may result from |
| | A) | inadequate cholesterol synthesis by the liver. |
| | B) | production of ketone bodies by the liver |
| | C) | excessive bile synthesis by the liver. |
| | D) | decreased urea production by the liver. |
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30 | | The detoxification of toxic compounds such as benzopyrene and dioxin by the liver utilizes enzymes that |
| | A) | contain respiratory cytochromes. |
| | B) | remove hydroxyl groups. |
| | C) | contain P450 cytochromes. |
| | D) | through conjugation produces cationic molecules |
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31 | | Urine and feces get their characteristic colors from which of the following pigments? |
| | A) | urobilinogen |
| | B) | free bilirubin |
| | C) | conjugated bilirubin |
| | D) | bile salts |
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32 | | In humans, cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid are principle |
| | A) | bile salts. |
| | B) | bile pigments. |
| | C) | bile globulins. |
| | D) | conjugated bilirubin. |
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33 | | A high rate of red blood cell destruction, with elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood, causes |
| | A) | diverticulitis. |
| | B) | gallstones. |
| | C) | jaundice. |
| | D) | lithotripsy. |
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34 | | The liver detoxifies ammonia by converting it to |
| | A) | bilirubin. |
| | B) | urea. |
| | C) | uric acid. |
| | D) | nothing, since ammonia is processed by the kidneys and not the liver. |
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35 | | The primary effect and purpose of conjugating steroid hormones in the liver is to |
| | A) | raise their pH and prevent acidosis. |
| | B) | activate them so they can perform their hormonal functions. |
| | C) | make them less biologically active, more water soluble, and more easily excreted.. |
| | D) | incorporate them into micelles so they can be secreted into the bile. |
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36 | | The process of ______ allows the liver to produce glucose from amino acids and some fatty acids when there is inadequate glucose in the diet. |
| | A) | glycogenesis |
| | B) | glycogenolysis |
| | C) | gluconeogenesis |
| | D) | lipogenesis |
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37 | | The process of _______ allows the liver to produce store glucose as a highly branched polymer of glucose molecules. |
| | A) | glycogenesis |
| | B) | glycogenolysis |
| | C) | gluconeogenesis |
| | D) | lipogenesis |
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38 | | Pancreatic juice contains a wide variety of compounds. Which of the following will be involved in the degradation of carbohydrates? |
| | A) | insulin |
| | B) | trypsin |
| | C) | amylase |
| | D) | bicarbonate |
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39 | | Many of the pancreatic enzymes must be activated by trypsin before they can begin digesting food, but trypsin itself requires the activating effect of |
| | A) | chymotrypsin. |
| | B) | carboxypeptidase. |
| | C) | phospholipase. |
| | D) | enterokinase. |
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40 | | The first hormone discovered was |
| | A) | insulin |
| | B) | secretin |
| | C) | gastrin |
| | D) | cholecystokinin |
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41 | | The smell, taste, or just the thought of food can activate gastric secretion and stomach motility by activating the |
| | A) | sympathetic nervous system. |
| | B) | release of gastrin. |
| | C) | vagus nerve. |
| | D) | release of cholecystokinin. |
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42 | | The secretion of gastrin by the G cells in the stomach |
| | A) | is stimulated by fatty acids from lipids in the stomach chyme. |
| | B) | directly stimulates the secretion of somatostatin from the D cells. |
| | C) | is stimulated by short polypeptides and free amino acids in the chyme of the stomach. |
| | D) | is stimulated by hydrochloric acid mixed with the stomach chyme. |
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43 | | Contraction of the gallbladder is stimulated by neural reflex as well as by the action of |
| | A) | cholecystokinin. |
| | B) | secretin. |
| | C) | guanylin. |
| | D) | somatostatin. |
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44 | | The digestive enzyme that has a basic pH optimum is |
| | A) | salivary amylase |
| | B) | pancreatic amylase |
| | C) | pepsin |
| | D) | trypsin |
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45 | | More of the total daily calories in the average American diet come from the consumption of ____ than from any of these other components. |
| | A) | lipids |
| | B) | carbohydrates |
| | C) | nucleic acids |
| | D) | proteins |
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46 | | Which of the following enzymes will hydrolyze proteins by removing amino acids from the end of the molecules and not by hydrolyzing bonds within the molecules? |
| | A) | trypsin |
| | B) | elastase |
| | C) | chymotrypsin |
| | D) | carboxypeptidase |
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47 | | Each villus of the small intestine contains a lymphatic vessel called a lacteal which is specialized for the absorption of digested |
| | A) | milk. |
| | B) | carbohydrate molecules. |
| | C) | protein molecules. |
| | D) | lipid molecules. |
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48 | | Lipoprotein lipase will |
| | A) | emulsify dietary lipids so they can be digested more efficiently. |
| | B) | remove triglycerides from chylomicrons in the blood. |
| | C) | form micelles in the small intestine. |
| | D) | digest lipids so they can be absorbed by the intestinal cells. |
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49 | | Excessive secretion of the hormone guanylin could cause |
| | A) | ulcers. |
| | B) | excessive bile secretion. |
| | C) | decreased gastric emptying. |
| | D) | loss of sodium chloride and water in the feces. |
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50 | | Endogenously produced cholesterol is packaged in ______ for delivery to cells of the body. |
| | A) | chylomicrons |
| | B) | very-low-density lipoproteins |
| | C) | low-density lipoproteins |
| | D) | high density lipoproteins |
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