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1 | | Genome size in eukaryotes has increased primarily by multiple processes of duplication. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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2 | | Mutations accumulate more quickly in pseudogenes. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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3 | | The Burgess Shale is remarkable in that it preserved DNA of invertebrates. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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4 | | The periodic mass extinctions seen in the fossil record affected only large animals. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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5 | | The ancestral Hox gene family consisted of 5 related genes known to encode protein products that regulate the expression of other genes. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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6 | | The human Alu sequence is a noncoding 171 bp motif present in tandem arrays in a 1 mb region of human centromeres. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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7 | | A 100 residue amino acid sequence called the immunoglobulin homology unit is common to all members of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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8 | | The immunoglobulin gene families encode specific antigen receptor classes including MHC molecules. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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9 | | An immune response has three basic components, it is highly specific, selects for increased adaptivity, and has memory. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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10 | | Protein sequences tend to resemble each other during the process of:
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| | A) | punctuated equilibrium |
| | B) | exon shuffling |
| | C) | affinity maturation |
| | D) | concerted evolution |
| | E) | retrotranspostion |
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11 | | Duplication of sequences can arise via:
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| | A) | punctuated equilibrium |
| | B) | exon shuffling |
| | C) | affinity maturation |
| | D) | concerted evolution |
| | E) | retrotransposition |
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12 | | Protein domains can be placed in new contexts by:
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| | A) | punctuated equilibrium |
| | B) | exon shuffling |
| | C) | affinity maturation |
| | D) | concerted evolution |
| | E) | retrotransposition |
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13 | | Somatic hypermutation in B cells underlies:
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| | A) | punctuated equilibrium |
| | B) | exon shuffling |
| | C) | affinity maturation |
| | D) | concerted evolution |
| | E) | retrotransposition |
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14 | | Sudden radiations of new organisms are a constituent of:
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| | A) | punctuated equilibrium |
| | B) | exon shuffling |
| | C) | affinity maturation |
| | D) | concerted evolution |
| | E) | retrotransposition |
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15 | | Cytochrome c was one of the first molecules to be used as a:
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| | A) | ribozyme |
| | B) | metazoan |
| | C) | phylogenetic tree |
| | D) | multigene family |
| | E) | molecular clock |
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16 | | Non-protein catalysis can be carried out by a:
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| | A) | ribozyme |
| | B) | metazoan |
| | C) | phylogenetic tree |
| | D) | multigene family |
| | E) | molecular clock |
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17 | | Duplication and divergence gives rise to a:
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| | A) | ribozyme |
| | B) | metazoan |
| | C) | phylogenetic tree |
| | D) | multigene family |
| | E) | molecular clock |
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18 | | A multicellular organism is a:
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| | A) | ribozyme |
| | B) | metazoan |
| | C) | phylogenetic tree |
| | D) | multigene family |
| | E) | molecular clock |
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19 | | Evolutionary relationships can be used to construct a:
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| | A) | ribozyme |
| | B) | metazoan |
| | C) | phylogenetic tree |
| | D) | multigene family |
| | E) | molecular clock |
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20 | | Triple drug therapy to arrest HIV infection is successful because:
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| | A) | entry into cells is blocked |
| | B) | insertion into genome is blocked |
| | C) | viral replication rate is lowered |
| | D) | free virus is inactivated |
| | E) | none of the above |
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21 | | In the proposed primordial RNA world, ancestral RNA molecules would be required to have which of the following properties?
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| | A) | fold into three dimensional structures with enzymatic capabilities |
| | B) | direct synthesis of membranes |
| | C) | synthesize double stranded DNA |
| | D) | phosphorylate proteins |
| | E) | not suffer mutations |
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22 | | The genomes of humans and chimpanzees are about 99 percent similar. Many evolutionary biologists believe that most of the apparent phenotypic differences between the two species involve:
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| | A) | duplications |
| | B) | changes in regulatory DNA sequences |
| | C) | exon shuffling |
| | D) | transposition |
| | E) | major chromosomal rearrangements |
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23 | | Conservative mutations have _________ effect on protein function.
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| | A) | no |
| | B) | small |
| | C) | large |
| | D) | a or b |
| | E) | b or c |
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24 | | SINE elements are:
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| | A) | flanked by inverted repeats |
| | B) | evolutionarily related to tRNA sequences |
| | C) | snRNP RNA species |
| | D) | capable of cell-to-cell movement |
| | E) | oncogenes |
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25 | | Possible selective advantages of LINE and SINE elements include:
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| | A) | catalysis of gene duplication events |
| | B) | enhancement of genetic drift |
| | C) | acting as a promoter or enhancer |
| | D) | a and b |
| | E) | a and c |
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26 | | The globin gene superfamily (beta globin, alpha globin, and myoglobin) is:
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| | A) | arranged in tandem |
| | B) | tightly linked |
| | C) | syntenic |
| | D) | dispersed on several chromosomes |
| | E) | none of the above |
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27 | | Hba-ps3 and Hba-ps4 are __________ members of the globin gene family and are considered ____________.
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| | A) | active; linked to globin genes |
| | B) | active; orphons |
| | C) | duplicated; linked to globin genes |
| | D) | pseudogene; linked to globin genes |
| | E) | pseudogene; orphons |
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28 | | The unique tertiary structure of the immunoglobulin fold permits it to:
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| | A) | resist proteolysis |
| | B) | carry oxygen |
| | C) | regulate intragenic recombination |
| | D) | form trimeric molecules with other immunoglobulin folds |
| | E) | all of the above. |
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29 | | The existence of many V, D, and J gene segments for antibody receptor genes is referred to as:
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| | A) | somatic hypermutation |
| | B) | allelic exclusion |
| | C) | germ-line diversity |
| | D) | junctional diversity |
| | E) | combinatorial joining |
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30 | | The process by which a large number of possible V, D, and J combinations can be made is:
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| | A) | somatic hypermutation |
| | B) | allelic exclusion |
| | C) | germ-line diversity |
| | D) | junctional diversity |
| | E) | combinatorial joining |
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31 | | Exonucleolytic digestion at one or both joined antibody receptor segments and the addition by terminal transferase of random nucleotides not encoded in the chromosome result in:
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| | A) | somatic hypermutation |
| | B) | allelic exclusion |
| | C) | germ-line diversity |
| | D) | junctional diversity |
| | E) | combinatorial joining |
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32 | | The process of __________ results in affinity maturation during the immune response.
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| | A) | somatic hypermutation |
| | B) | allelic exclusion |
| | C) | germ-line diversity |
| | D) | junctional diversity |
| | E) | combinatorial joining |
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33 | | The process by which only one copy of a gene is expressed is referred to as:
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| | A) | somatic hypermutation |
| | B) | allelic exclusion |
| | C) | germ-line diversity |
| | D) | junctional diversity |
| | E) | combinatorial joining |
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