Preface xiii
Guided Tour xviii
About the Authors xxiv PART i
Interrelatedness 2
Deer Hunting Within the City of Brotherly Love? 3 CHAPTER 1
Environmental Interrelationships 4 The Field of Environmental Science 5
The Interrelated Nature of Environmental Problems 5 •Environmental Close-Up: Science
Versus Policy 6 •Global Perspective: Fish, Seals,
and Jobs 8
An Ecosystem Approach 8
Regional Environmental Concerns 8 • Environmental Close-Up: Headwaters
Forest 9 The Wilderness North 10
The Agricultural Middle 11 • Environmental Close-Up: The
Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem 12 The Dry West 12
The Forested West 13
The Great Lakes and Industrial Northeast 13
The Diverse South 15 New for Chapter 1
• expanded coverage on sustainable development and Agenda
21 CHAPTER 2
Environmental Ethics 19 Views of Nature 20
Environmental Ethics 21
Environmental Attitudes 22 • Environmental Close-Up: Naturalist
Philosophers 23 Societal Environmental Ethics 24 • Environmental Close-Up: Environmental
Philosophy 25 Corporate Environmental Ethics 25 • Global Perspective: Chico Mendes
and Extractive Reserves 27 Environmental Justice 28
Individual Environmental Ethics 29
Do We Consume Too Much? 29 • Global Perspective: International
Trade in Endangered Species 30 Food 31
Nature 31
Oil 31
Water 31
The Unknown 31 • Global Perspective: The Gray
Whales of Neah Bay 32 Global Environmental Ethics 33 • Issues—Analysis: Antarctica—Resource
or Refuge? 35 New for Chapter 2
• new section — "Do we consume too much?"
• more information on the Global Reporting Initiative
• new Global Perspective reading on the gray whales of Neah Bay CHAPTER 3
Risk and Cost: Elements of Decision Making 38 Measuring Risk 39 Risk Assessment 39 • Environmental Close-Up: What’s
in a Number? 41 Risk Management 41
True and Perceived Risks 41 Economics and the Environment 44 Economic Concepts 44
Market-Based Instruments 44 • Global Perspective: Wombats
and the Australian Stock Exchange 47 • Environmental Close-Up: Georgia-Pacific
Corporation: Recycled Urban Wood—A Case Study in Extended Product Responsibility 48 Extended Product Responsibility 49
Cost-Benefit Analysis 50
Concerns about the Use of Cost-Benefit Analysis 51
Economics and Sustainable Development 51 • Environmental Close-Up: "Green"
Advertising Claims—Points to Consider 52 External Costs 54
Common Property Resource Problems 54 • Global Perspective: Pollution
Prevention Pays! 55 Economic Decision Making and the Biophysical World 56 • Environmental Close-Up: Placing
a Value on Ecosystem Services 57 • Global Perspective: Costa Rican
Forests Yield Tourists and Medicines 58 Economics, Environment, and Developing Nations 58
The Tragedy of the Commons 59
Lightening the Load 59 • Issues—Analysis: Shrimp, Turtles,
and Turtle Excluder Devices 60 New for Chapter 3
• expanded section on public perceptions
of environmental risks
• more information on extended product responsibility PART ii
Ecological Principles and Their Application 64
"Fixing" Nature?: Restoration and the Florida Everglades 65 CHAPTER 4
Interrelated Scientific Principles: Matter, Energy, and Environment 66 Scientific Thinking 67 The Scientific Method 67
Observation 67
Questioning and Exploring 67
Constructing Hypotheses 68
Testing Hypothesis 69
The Development of Theories and Laws 69 • Environmental Close-Up: Typical
Household Chemicals 70 Limitations of Science 70
The Structure of Matter 71 Atomic Structure 71
The Molecular Nature of Matter 71
Acids, Bases, and pH 72
Inorganic and Organic Matter 73
Chemical Reactions 73
Chemical Reactions in Living Things 74 Energy Principles 75 Kinds of Energy 75
States of Matter 75
First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics 76
Environmental Implications of Energy Flow 77 • Issues—Analysis: Improvements
in Lighting Efficiency 79 New for Chapter 4
• rewritten section on the scientific method
• additional material and an illustration
on isotopes
• new section on the molecular nature of
matter
• clarification usage of the words molecule,
compound, ions
• new material on endothermic and exothermic
reactions
• new content on chemical reactions for photosynthesis
and respiration CHAPTER 5
Interactions: Environment and Organisms 82 Ecological Concepts 83 Environment 83
Limiting Factors 84
Habitat and Niche 84 The Role of Natural Selection and Evolution 86 Genes, Populations, and Species 86 • Environmental Close-Up: Habitat
Conservation Plans: Tool or Token? 87 Natural Selection 88
Evolutionary Patterns 88 Kinds of Organism Interactions 90 Predation 90
Competition 91
Symbiotic Relationships 92
Some Relationships Are Difficult to Categorize 93 • Environmental Close-Up: Human
Interaction–A Different Look 94 Community and Ecosystem Interactions 94 Major Roles of Organisms in Ecosystems 95
Keystone Species 96
Energy Flow Through Ecosystems 96
Food Chains and Food Webs 97 • Environmental Close-Up: Contaminants
in the Food Chain of Fish from the Great Lakes 99 Nutrient Cycles in Ecosystems—Biogeochemical Cycles 99
Human Impact on Nutrient Cycles 103 • Issues—Analysis: Reintroducing
Wolves to the Yellowstone Ecosystem 104 New for Chapter 5
• new section — Genes, Populations, and Species
• new herbicide resistance illustration
• new section on polyploidy
• biogeochemical cycles now in nutrient cycles
section
• new material on the operation of the carbon
cycle in aquatic systems CHAPTER 6
Kinds of Ecosystems and Communities 108 Succession 109 Primary Succession 109
Secondary Succession 112
Modern Concepts of Succession and Climax 112 Biomass: Major Types of Terrestrial Climax Communities 114 The Effect of Elevation on Climate and Vegetation 115
Desert 115
Grassland 116 • Environmental Close-Up: Grassland
Succession 118 Savanna 118
Mediterranean Shrublands 119
Tropical Dry Forest 119 • Global Perspective: Tropical
Rainforests—A Special Case? 121 Tropical Rainforest 122 • Environmental Close-Up: Forest
Canopy Studies 123 Temperate Deciduous Forest 123
Taiga, Northern Coniferous Forest, or Boreal Forest 124
Tundra 125 Major Aquatic Ecosystems 126 Marine Ecosystems 126
Freshwater Ecosystems 130 • Issues—Analysis: Protecting
Old-Growth Temperate Rainforests of the Pacific Northwest 132 New for Chapter 6
• new content on ways that humans affect
the process of succession
• new sections on mediterranean shrublands
(chaparral) and tropical dry forests CHAPTER 7
Population Principles 135 Population Characteristics 136 Natality and Mortality 136
Sex Ratio and Age Distribution 136
Population Density and Spatial Distribution 138
Summary of Factors That Influence Population Growth Rates 139 A Population Growth Curve 139
Carrying Capacity 141 • Environmental Close-Up: Population
Growth of Invading Species 142 Reproductive Strategies and Population Fluctuations 144
Human Population Growth 144 Available Raw Materials 145 • Global Perspective: Managing
Elephant Populations—Harvest or Birth Control? 146 Available Energy 147
Waste Disposal 147
Interaction with Other Organisms 147
Social Factors Influence Human Population 147 • Issues—Analysis: Wolves and
Moose on Isle Royale 148 Ultimate Size Limitation 148 New for Chapter 7
• updated human population information
• more explanation on how the population
growth rate is calculated
• new illustration on survivorship curves
• revised material on age distribution
• updated Issues—Analysis reading on wolves
and moose on Isle Royale CHAPTER 8
Human Population Issues 152 Human Population Trends and Implications 153 • Global Perspective: Thomas
Malthus and His Essay on Population 154 Factors That Influence Population Growth 154 Biological Factors 154
Social Factors 155 • Environmental Close-Up: Control
of Births 156 Political Factors 158 Population Growth and Standard of Living 159
Population and Poverty—A Vicious Cycle? 160
Hunger, Food Production, and Environmental Degradation 161
The Demographic Transition Concept 163 • Global Perspective: The Urbanization
of the World’s Population 164 The U.S. Population Picture 164
Anticipated Changes with Continued Population Growth 166 • Global Perspective: North America—Population
Comparisons 167 • Issues—Analysis: The Impact
of AIDS on Populations 168 New for Chapter 8
• updated information on human population
issues
• new table on population characteristics
of the 20 most populous countries
• revised section on population growth and
standard of living
• more information from the 2000 census
• updated material on AIDS PART iii
Energy 172
Skull Valley: A Reservation for Disaster? 173 CHAPTER 9
Energy and Civilization: Patterns of Consumption 174 History of Energy Consumption 175 Biological Energy Sources 175
Increased Use of Wood 175
Fossil Fuels and the Industrial Revolution 176 Energy and Economics 177 Economic Growth and Energy Consumption 177
The Role of the Automobile 178
Gasoline Prices and Government Policy 178 • Global Perspective: Five Ways
to Curb Traffic 179 How Energy is Used 180 Residential and Commercial Energy Use 180
Industrial Energy Use 180
Transportation Energy Use 180 • Environmental Close-Up: Hybrid
Electric Vehicles 182 The Variability of Gasoline Prices 183 Electrical Energy 183
Energy Consumption Trends 185 • Environmental Close-Up: Alternative-Fuel
Vehicles 187 • Global Perspective: Energy
Development in China 189 • Global Perspective: Potential
World Petroleum Resources 190 OPEC 191 New for Chapter 9
• revised coverage of variations in yearly gasoline prices
• new table on sources of U.S. imported oil
• expanded section on the instability of global oil production
• new figure — What We Pay For in a Gallon of Regular Gasoline
• new table on drive time
• updated statistics on oil consumption by the world
• new figure — World Oil Market Chronology: 1970–2000 CHAPTER 10
Energy Sources 194 Energy Sources 195
Resources and Reserves 195
Fossil-Fuel Formation 197 Coal 197
Oil and Natural Gas 197 Issues Related to the Use of Fossil Fuels 198 Coal Use 200
Oil Use 201
Natural Gas Use 203 Renewable Sources of Energy 204 Hydroelectric Power 204 • Global Perspective: Hydroelectric
Sites 207 Tidal Power 207 • Global Perspective: The Three
Gorges Dam 208 Geothermal Power 209
Wind Power 211
Solar Energy 212
Biomass Conversion 215
Fuelwood 216
Solid Waste 217 • Global Perspective: Are Fuel
Cells the Future? 218 Energy Conservation 218 • Issues—Analysis: The
Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and Oil 220 New for Chapter 10
• new coverage on wind, tidal, and hydropower
• updated information on the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
• updated material on gasoline price swings
• new Global Perspective reading on hydrogen fuel cells CHAPTER 11
Nuclear Energy: Benefits and Risks 224 The Nature of Nuclear Energy 225
The History of Nuclear Energy Development 226
Nuclear Reactors 226 Plans for New Reactors Worldwide 228
Plant Life Extension 229 Breeder Reactors 231
Nuclear Fusion 231
The Nuclear Fuel Cycle 232
Nuclear Material and Weapons Production 232
Nuclear Power Concerns 233 Reactor Safety: The Effects of Three Mile Island and Chernobyl 234
Exposure to Radiation 236
Thermal Pollution 238
Decommissioning Costs 238
Radioactive Waste Disposal 240 • Global Perspective: The Nuclear
Legacy of the Soviet Union 241 • Environmental Close-Up: The
Hanford Facility: A Legacy of Contamination 243 New for Chapter 11
• new Environmental Close-up reading on the Hanford Facility
• updated text on Chernobyl and worldwide nuclear power plants
• expanded section on decommissioning policies for nuclear facilities
• more information about nuclear terrorism PART iv
Human Influences on Ecosystems 246
Salton, A Sea of Controversy 247 CHAPTER 12
Human Impact on Resources and Ecosystems 248 The Changing Role of Human Impact 249
Historical Basis of Pollution 249
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources 250
Costs Associated with Resource Utilization 251
Mineral Resources 251 Steps in Mineral Utilization 252
Recycling of Mineral Materials 252 Utilization and Modification of Terrestrial Ecosystems 253 Impact of Agriculture on Natural Ecosystems 254 Managing Forest Ecosystems 254 Economic and Energy Costs of Utilizing Forest Ecosystems 254
Environmental Costs of Utilizing Forest Ecosystems 254
Environmental Implications of Various Harvesting Methods 255
Plantation Forestry 256 • Environmental Close-Up: The
Northern Spotted Owl 257 Special Concerns About Tropical Deforestation 257 Managing Rangeland Ecosystems 258 Environmental Costs of Utilizing Rangelands 258 Areas with Minimal Human Impact–Wilderness and Remote Areas 259
Managing Aquatic Ecosystems 259 Environmental Costs Associated with Utilizing Marine Ecosystems 260 • Global Perspective: The History
of the Bison 261 Environmental Costs Associated with Utilizing Freshwater Ecosystems
262
Aquaculture 265 • Environmental Close-Up: Farming,
Fish Kills, and Pfiesteria piscicida 266 Managing Ecosystems for Wildlife 266 Habitat Analysis and Management 266
Population Assessment and Management 267 • Environmental Close-Up: Native
American Fishing Rights 268 Predator and Competitor Control 269
Special Issues with Migratory Waterfowl Management 269 Extinction and Loss of Biodiversity 270 Human-Accelerated Extinction 271
Why Worry About Extinction? 272 What Is Being Done to Prevent Extinction and Protect Biodiversity? 273 • Environmental Close-Up: The
California Condor 276 • Issues—Analysis: Fire
As a Forest Management Tool 277 New for Chapter 12
• rewritten section on plantation forestry
• clarified definitions of marine, brackish, and freshwater
• updated figure on forms of pollution
• new figure on change in forest areas
• new figure on trends in world fish production, including capture and
aquaculture
• rewritten section on aquaculture
• new material on the African Eurasian waterbird agreement
• new coverage on the role of keystone species and how their elimination
alters ecosystems
• updated references to President Bush’s administrative policy CHAPTER 13
Land-Use Planning 280 The Need for Planning 281
Historical Forces That Shaped Land Use in North America 281 The Importance of Waterways 281
The Rural-to-Urban Shift 281 • Global Perspective: Urbanization
in the Developing World 283 Migration from the Central City to the Suburbs 283
Factors That Contribute to Sprawl 283 Lifestyle Factors 285
Economic Factors 285
Planning and Policy Factors 286 Problems Associated with Unplanned Urban Growth 286 Transportation Problems 286
Air Pollution 286
Low Energy Efficiency 287
Loss of Sense of Community 287
Death of the Central City 287
Higher Infrastructure Costs 287
Loss of Open Space 287
Loss of Farmland 287
Water Pollution Problems 287
Floodplain Problems 287
Wetlands Misuse 288 • Environmental Close-Up: Wetlands
Loss in Louisiana 289 Other Land-Use Considerations 290 Land-Use Planning Principles 290 • Environmental Close-Up: Computer
Tools Aid Decision Making—Growing Smarter to Protect Habitats 291 Mechanisms for Implementing Land-Use Plans 292 Establishing State or Regional Planning Agencies 292
Purchasing Land or Use Rights 293
Regulating Use 293 Special Urban Planning Issues 294 Urban Transportation Planning 294 • Environmental Close-Up: Land-Use
Planning and Aesthetic Pollution 295 Urban Recreation Planning 296
Redevelopment of Inner-City Areas 296
Smart Growth 297 Federal Government Land-Use Issues 298 • Issues—Analysis: Decision
Making in Land-Use Planning—The Malling of America 300 New for Chapter 13
• new section on smart growth
• new table on state comprehensive growth legislation CHAPTER 14
Soil and Its Uses 303 Geologic Processes 304
Soil and Land 306
Soil Formation 306
Soil Properties 308
Soil Profile 309
Soil Erosion 311
Soil Conservation Practices 314 Contour Farming 315
Strip Farming 316
Terracing 316
Waterways 316
Windbreaks 316 Conventional Versus Conservation Tillage 317 • Environmental Close-Up: Land
Capability Classes 320 • Global Perspective: Worldwide
Soil Degradation 322 Protecting Soil on Nonfarm Land 323 • Issues—Analysis: Soil
Erosion in Virginia 324 New for Chapter 14
• table 14.1, Percentage of Land Suitable for Agriculture, has been updated
• information on land degradation has been expanded CHAPTER 15
Agricultural Methods and Pest Management 326 Different Approaches to Agriculture 327
Fossil Fuel Versus Muscle Power 329
The Impact of Fertilizer 329
Agricultural Chemical Use 330 • Environmental Close-Up: DDT—A
Historical Perspective 331 Insecticides 331
Herbicides 332
Fungicides and Rodenticides 333 • Environmental Close-Up: A New
Generation of Insecticides 334 Other Agricultural Chemicals 334 Problems with Pesticide Use 335 Persistence 335
Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification 335
Pesticide Resistance 337
Effects on Nontarget Organisms 337 • Global Perspective: China’s
Ravenous Appetite 338 • Global Perspective: Contaminated
Soils in the Former Soviet Union 339 Human Health Concerns 339 Why Are Pesticides So Widely Used? 340
Alternatives to Conventional Agriculture 340 • Environmental Close-Up: Industrial
Production of Livestock 341
• Environmental Close-Up: Food
Additives 342 Techniques for Protecting Soil and Water Resources 342
Integrated Pest Management 343 • Issues—Analysis: Herring
Gulls As Indicators of Contamination in the Great Lakes 347 New for Chapter 15
• new Environmental Close-Up reading on industrial livestock production
• reorganization of section on integrated pest management
• updated information on genetically modified organisms CHAPTER 16
Water Management 350 The Water Issue 351
The Hydrologic Cycle 352
Human Influences on the Hydrologic Cycle 354
Kinds of Water Use 355 Domestic Use of Water 355
Agricultural Use of Water 357
Industrial Use of Water 358
In-Stream Use of Water 359 • Global Perspective: Comparing
Water Use and Pollution in Industrialized and Developing Countries 360 Kinds and Sources of Water Pollution 361 • Environmental Close-Up: Is
It Safe to Drink the Water? 362 Municipal Water Pollution 364 • Global Perspective: The Cleanup
of the Holy Ganges 365 Agricultural Water Pollution 366
Industrial Water Pollution 366
Thermal Pollution 367
Marine Oil Pollution 367
Groundwater Pollution 368 Water-Use Planning Issues 369 Water Diversion 370
Wastewater Treatment 371 • Environmental Close-Up: Restoring
the Everglades 373 Salinization 374
Groundwater Mining 375
Preserving Scenic Water Areas and Wildlife Habitats 376 • Global Perspective: Death of
a Sea 377 • Global Perspective: The Death
Zone of the Gulf of Mexico 379 • Issues—Analysis: The
California Water Plan 380 New for Chapter 16
• new Global Perspective reading on the dead zone of the Gulf of Mexico
• expanded coverage on global water issues
• more information on water treatment in the Salina Valley, California
• expanded material on chemicals entering drinking water sources
• more discussion of the New York City water supply
• additional text on water diversions and extractions
• expanded material on wetlands
• new table on the population of the world’s ten largest watersheds
• new table on international water disputes
• new coverage of the National Research Council’s report on Envisioning
the Agenda for Water Resource Research in the 21st Century PART v
Pollution and Policy 384
Environmental Policy: Pragmatic or Polluted? 385 CHAPTER 17
Air Quality Issues 386 The Atmosphere 387
Categories of Air Pollutants 388 Carbon Monoxide 389
Volatile Organic Compounds 390
Particulate Matter 390 • Global Perspective: Air Pollution
in Mexico City 391 Sulfur Dioxide 391
Nitrogen Dioxide 392
Lead 392
Ground-Level Ozone and Photochemical Smog 392
Hazardous Air Pollutants 394 Control of Air Pollution 395 Control of Motor Vehicle Emissions 395
Control of Particulate Matter Emissions 396
Control of Power Plant Emissions 397
Clean Air Act 397 Acid Deposition 398
Ozone Depletion 400 • Environmental Close-Up: Secondhand
Smoke 401 Global Warming and Climate Change 402 Causes of Global Warming and Climate Change 402
Potential Consequences of Global Warming and Climate Change 405 Addressing Climate Change 408 • Global Perspective: The Kyoto
Protocol on Greenhouse Gases 410 Indoor Air Pollution 410 • Environmental Close-Up: Radon 412 • Environmental Close-Up: Noise
Pollution 414 • Issues—Analysis: International
Air Pollution 415 New for Chapter 17
• fully reorganized chapter
• text now includes material on the six criteria air pollutants
• two new figures on photochemical smog
• new figure on thermal inversion
• new data on emissions and air quality
• new data on average global temperature
• new table on categories of air pollutants CHAPTER 18
Solid Waste Management and Disposal 418 Introduction to Waste Management 419
The Nature of the Problem 419 The Disposable Decades 419
Current Trends 419 Methods of Waste Disposal 420 Landfills 422
Incineration 424 • Environmental Close-Up: Resins
Used in Consumer Packaging 425 Composting 426
Source Reduction 427 • Environmental Close-Up: What
You Can Do to Reduce Waste and Save Money 430 Recycling 430 • Environmental Close-Up: Recycling
Is Big Business 431 • Environmental Close-Up: Recyclables
Market Basket 433 • Issues—Analysis: Corporate
Response to Environmental Concerns 434 New for Chapter 18
• new material on mining, manufacturing, and agricultural solid waste
• updated information about Fresh Kills landfill
• revised material on kinds of composting CHAPTER 19
Regulating Hazardous Materials 436 Hazardous and Toxic Materials in Our Environment 437
Hazardous and Toxic Substances—Some Definitions 437
Defining Hazardous Waste 438
Issues Involved in Setting Regulations 439 • Environmental Close-Up: Determining
Toxicity 440 Identification of Hazardous and Toxic Materials 440
Setting Exposure Limits 440
Acute and Chronic Toxicity 441
Synergism 441
Persistent and Nonpersistent Pollutants 441 • Global Perspective: Lead and
Mercury Poisoning 442 Environmental Problems Caused by Hazardous Wastes 442
Health Risks Associated with Hazardous Wastes 443
Hazardous-Waste Dumps—A Legacy of Abuse 444 • Environmental Close-Up: Computers—A
Hazardous Waste 445 Toxic Chemical Release 446 Hazardous-Waste Management Choices 446 Reducing the Amount of Waste at the Source 447
Recycling of Wastes 448
Treatment of Wastes 448
Disposal Methods 448 International Trade in Hazardous Wastes 449 • Global Perspective: Hazardous
Wastes and Toxic Materials in China 450 Hazardous-Waste Management Program 450 • Issues—Analysis: Love
Canal 457 New for Chapter 19
• new information on the different agencies that set regulations
• additional coverage on the success of Superfund
• updated tables on hazardous substances and wastes
• new figure on toxic releases
• new figure on pollution-prevention hierarchy CHAPTER 20
Environmental Policy and Decision Making 454 New Challenges for a New Century 455
Learning from the Past 456
Thinking about the Future 457
Defining the Future 458
The Development of Environmental Policy in the United States 458 Environmental Backlash—The Wise Use Movement 460
The Changing Nature of Environmental Policy 461 • Environmental Close-Up: Shaping
U.S. Environmental Policy as the New Century Begins 462 Environmental Policy and Regulation 463
The Greening of Geopolitics 464 • Environmental Close-Up: Changing
the Nature of Environmental Regulation—The Safe Drinking Water Act 466 Terrorism and the Environment 467
International Environmental Policy 470 • Global Perspective: Earth Summit
on Environment and Development 471 • Global Perspective: Overview
of an International Organization—The International Whaling Commission 472 • Global Perspective: Eco-Labels 473 Environmental Policy and the European Union 474
New International Instruments 475 It All Comes Back to You 475 New for Chapter 20
• new section on biological, chemical, and eco-terrorism
• updated table on U.S. environmental and resource conservation legislation
• new Environmental Close-Up reading on United States environmental policy Appendix 1: Critical Thinking A-1 Appendix 2: The Periodic Table of the Elements A-2 Glossary G-1
Credits C-1
Index I-1 | 
2004 McGraw-Hill Higher Education