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Multiple Choice
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1
In the pelagic realm, most primary production occurs in the epipelagic neritic zone.
A)True
B)False
2
Trichodesmium is particularly abundant in nutrient-rich waters.
A)True
B)False
3
Picoplankton-sized primary producers in the epipelagic are dominated by prochlorophytes and cyanobacteria.
A)True
B)False
4
Red tides may be becoming more frequent because of human pollution, having high nitrogen and low silica content which favors the growth of dinoflagellates over diatoms.
A)True
B)False
5
Krill are not as numerous as copepods but are more likely to be eaten by large consumers such as birds, fishes, and whales.
A)True
B)False
6
The smallest phytoplankton organisms are eaten by animals such as salps and larvaceans that use mucus to trap them.
A)True
B)False
7
Planktonic organisms, by definition, are always small.
A)True
B)False
8
Copepods use bristles on their mouthparts and antennae to sieve phytoplankton cells out of the water.
A)True
B)False
9
Members of the holoplankton spend part of their life cycle in the plankton and their adult lives on the sea floor.
A)True
B)False
10
Planktivorous nekton are the smaller species of fast-swimming animals.
A)True
B)False
11
Other things being equal, larger organisms tend to sink faster than smaller ones due to less drag in the larger ones.
A)True
B)False
12
Drag that slows sinking can be increased with spines and flat shapes.
A)True
B)False
13
Sharks typically increase their buoyancy with air-filled swim bladders.
A)True
B)False
14
Lipids are a major form of energy storage material that adds buoyancy to epipelagic organisms such as copepods and diatoms.
A)True
B)False
15
Examples of neuston include the Portugese man-of-war and the water strider.
A)True
B)False
16
The lateral line of fishes detects vibrations in the water.
A)True
B)False
17
Many zooplankton animals such as jellyfish and slaps are dark blue or green on top and white or silver on the bottom.
A)True
B)False
18
The rete mirabile is an arrangement of blood vessels that greatly reduces heat loss.
A)True
B)False
19
Red muscle in fishes is used for constant cruising, while white muscle is used for quick bursts of speed.
A)True
B)False
20
Zooplankton are too small to be effective vertical migrators, since this behavior involves a long-distance swim each day.
A)True
B)False
21
The fastest fishes have been clocked at speeds of 100 km/hour.
A)True
B)False
22
Most epipelagic food chains are fairly simple chains readily described as "phytoplanktonàzooplanktonànekton."
A)True
B)False
23
Marine snow refers to the large amount of DOM in the oceans.
A)True
B)False
24
The microbial loop refers to a food chain in which DOM from producers is processed first by bacteria, then by protozoa, then by zooplankton animals.
A)True
B)False
25
Since waters in coastal areas are much murkier than in the open ocean, the latter have more productivity due to deeper light penetration.
A)True
B)False
26
The major limiting nutrient in oceans overall is thought to be nitrogen.
A)True
B)False
27
In the open ocean, iron and not nitrate is the limiting nutrient.
A)True
B)False
28
Overturn typically occurs when surface waters become colder than deeper waters.
A)True
B)False
29
Because the tropics are much warmer and have more sunlight, tropical waters are typically much more productive than polar and temperate waters.
A)True
B)False
30
Equatorial upwelling results from currents that converge at the Equator.
A)True
B)False
31
Coastal upwelling can result only from winds blowing from land to sea to cause surface waters to move offshore.
A)True
B)False
32
The fisheries industry of western South America suffers greatly during an ENSO event because coastal upwelling normally produced by the trade winds ceases.
A)True
B)False
33
Copepods, typically the most numerous zooplankton animals, are
A)strictly herbivores that feed on diatoms and other algae.
B)filter feeders that feed indiscriminately on any small organic particle.
C)discriminating consumers of both phytoplankton and other zooplankton.
D)none of the above
34
The following is know to apply to red tides:
A)All red tides involve phytoplanktonic neurotoxins that do not kill shellfish, but may harm people that eat the shellfish.
B)All red tides involve phytoplankton that make neurotoxins harmful to all animals.
C)Only some involve phytoplankton neurotoxins that harm all animals including people.
D)Only some involve phytoplankton neurotoxins that do not kill shellfish, but may harm people that eat the shellfish.
35
The following is true of "warm-blooded" fishes such as tunas:
A)Their entire bodies are warmer than the surrounding water.
B)Their skin is warmer than the surrounding water by transfer of heat from the muscles to the skin.
C)Their muscles are warmer than the surrounding water because heat is returned to the muscles that produced it via closely packed outflowing and inflowing blood vessels.
D)None of the above.
36
The fastest epipelagic fishes such as tunas have these features:
A)reduced breathing musculature, and retractable fins.
B)strong breathing muscles for rapid oxygen uptake, and side fins that protrude like airplane wings.
C)strong breathing muscles for rapid oxygen uptake, and retractable fins.
D)reduced breathing musculature, and side fins that protrude like airplane wings.
37
The growth of phytoplankton in many temperate waters is characterized by
A)an annual peak in the summer, when light is most optimal; and an annual low in the winter, when light but not nutrients is limiting.
B)an annual peak in the spring, when nutrients and light are both sufficient, and an annual low in the winter, when light but not nutrients is limiting.
C)an annual peak in the summer, when light is most optimal; and an annual low in the winter, when light and nutrients are limiting.
D)an annual peak in the spring, when nutrients and light are both sufficient; and an annual low in the winter, when light and nutrients are limiting.





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