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accommodation  Occurs when individuals adjust their schemas to new information. p. 128
androgens  The main class of male sex hormones. p. 145
assimilation  Occurs when individuals incorporate new information into existing knowledge. p. 128
attachment  The close emotional bond between an infant and its caregiver. p. 136
authoritarian parenting  A restrictive, punitive style in which the parent exhorts the child to follow the parent's directions and value hard work and effort. p. 139
authoritative parenting  A parenting style that encourages children's independence (but still places limits and controls on their behavior), includes extensive verbal give-and-take, and warm and nurturant interactions with the child. p. 139
concrete operational stage  The third Piagetian stage of cognitive development (approximately 7 to 11 years of age) in which thought becomes operational, replacing intuitive thought with logical reasoning in concrete situations. p. 131
crystallized intelligence  An individual's accumulated information and verbal skills. p. 162
development  The pattern of change in human capabilities that begins at conception and continues throughout the life span. p. 119
estrogens  The main class of female sex hormones. p. 146
fluid intelligence  One's ability to reason abstractly. p. 162
formal operational stage  The fourth and final Piagetian stage of cognitive development (emerging from about 11 to 15 years of age) in which thinking becomes more abstract, idealistic, and logical. p. 133
gender role  Expectations for how females and males should think, act, and feel. p. 147
genotype  An individual's genetic heritage, the actual genetic material. p. 121
identity versus identity confusion  Erikson's fifth psychological stage in which adolescents face the challenge of finding out who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. p. 153
imprinting  The tendency of an infant animal to form an attachment to the first moving object it sees and/or hears. p. 137
indulgent parenting  A parenting style in which parents are involved with their children but place few limits on them. p. 139
nature  An organism's biological inheritance. p. 122
neglectful parenting  A parenting style in which parents are uninvolved in their child's life. p. 139
nurture  An organism's environmental experience. p. 122
phenotype  The expression of an individual's genotype in observable, measurable characteristics. p. 121
preoperational stage  The second Piagetian stage of cognitive development (approximately 2 to 7 years of age) in which thought becomes more symbolic, egocentric, and intuitive rather than logical; but the child cannot yet perform operations. p. 130
puberty  A period of rapid skeletal and sexual maturation that occurs mainly in early adolescence. p. 151
schema  A concept or framework that already exists at a given moment in a person's mind and that organizes and interprets information. p. 128
secure attachment  An important aspect of socioemotional development in which infants use the caregiver, usually the mother, as a secure base from which to explore the environment. p. 137
sensorimotor stage  The first Piagetian stage of cognitive development (birth to about 2 years of age), in which infants construct an understanding of the world by coordinating sensory experiences (such as seeing and hearing) with motor (physical) actions. p. 129
temperament  An individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding. p. 138
wisdom  Expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life. p. 164







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