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| 1 | |
Which of the following is a question of internal validity in experimental research? |
| | A) | How widely can the results of the experiment be generalized? |
| | B) | Has maturation influenced the dependent variable? |
| | C) | Was the sample representative of the population? |
| | D) | Will replication in another setting result in the same findings? |
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| 2 | |
The threat of "subject characteristics" refers to differences among subjects on a(n) |
| | A) | treatment variable. |
| | B) | independent variable. |
| | C) | dependent variable. |
| | D) | extraneous variable. |
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| 3 | |
Regression to the mean is most likely to be a threat to internal validity when |
| | A) | participants are selected on the basis of extreme scores. |
| | B) | factors external to the study influence the outcomes in the study. |
| | C) | the characteristics of the data collector influence the measurement process. |
| | D) | only one rater is used to score all the tests used in the study. |
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| 4 | |
Location is a threat to internal validity when |
| | A) | different groups receive the intervention in different environments. |
| | B) | all groups receive the intervention in the same location at different times. |
| | C) | all groups are tested in disruptive conditions. |
| | D) | the research is conducted in unfamiliar surroundings. |
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| 5 | |
When a pretest influences scores on a posttest, it is known as a(n) |
| | A) | instrumentation threat. |
| | B) | testing threat. |
| | C) | regression threat. |
| | D) | implementation threat. |
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| 6 | |
Which of the following situations provides an example of the Hawthorne effect? |
| | A) | Most of the superintendents did not respond to the survey they were sent. |
| | B) | Several teachers refused to cooperate with the researcher during a study. |
| | C) | A principal provided an overly optimistic report of his school in an interview. |
| | D) | Students paid more attention than usual to the teacher during an experiment. |
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| 7 | |
Which describes the history threat? |
| | A) | different individual experiences |
| | B) | test anxiety |
| | C) | unexpected events |
| | D) | improper instrument administration |
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| 8 | |
No matter how careful a researcher is in selecting subjects it happens that some subjects leave as the study progresses. This loss is known as |
| | A) | mortality threat. |
| | B) | history threat. |
| | C) | maturation threat. |
| | D) | subject attitude. |
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| 9 | |
The particular location in which data are collected or in which the intervention is carried out describes which type of threat? |
| | A) | history threat |
| | B) | maturation threat |
| | C) | subject attitude |
| | D) | location threat |
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| 10 | |
If the nature of the instrument or scoring procedure changes in some way or another, which type of threat is this? |
| | A) | subject attitude |
| | B) | instrument decay |
| | C) | location threat |
| | D) | data collector bias |
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| 11 | |
Standardizing conditions, obtaining more information on details, and choosing the appropriate design are three general techniques used to control for which types of threat to internal validity? |
| | A) | location, subject attitude, and regression |
| | B) | location, history, and regression |
| | C) | location, subject attitude, and implementation |
| | D) | subject attitude, history, and maturation |
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| 12 | |
If a researcher wanted to control against instrumentation threats which of the following will not help? |
| | A) | standardize conditions |
| | B) | obtain more information on details |
| | C) | obtain more information on subjects |
| | D) | choose appropriate design |
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| 13 | |
In most studies, the most difficult threat to control is |
| | A) | data collector bias |
| | B) | impemntation |
| | C) | mortality |
| | D) | location |
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| 14 | |
When subjects are given increased attention and recognition because they are participating in a study, their responses may be affected. This is known as the |
| | A) | maturation threat. |
| | B) | practice effect. |
| | C) | Hawthorne effect. |
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| 15 | |
Whenever a group is selected because of unusually high or low performance on a pretest, it will, on average, score closer to the mean on subsequent testing, regardless of what transpires in the meantime. What type of threat does this describe? |
| | A) | Hawthorne effect |
| | B) | maturation threat |
| | C) | practice effect |
| | D) | regression threat |
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