Building on the primary skills from Chapter 8, the second chapter of Part IV examines more complex elements of argumentation, specifically how writers of argumentative prose intentionally or unintentionally go wrong. Learning to recognize these deceptive techniques will sharpen your critical reading skills and safeguard your ability to think independently. As before, the chapter ends with some editorials for further practice. Here are the specific skills addressed in Chapter 9:

Problems with Inductive and Deductive Arguments

Emotional Appeals in Arguments

Common Logical Fallacies

Bias and Other Deceptive Techniques