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| 1 | Like birds, mammals possess both endothermy and homeothermy. |
 | A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 2 | Mammals do NOT have which of the following? |
| A) | Mammary glands |
| B) | Large cerebrum |
| C) | Specialization of teeth (e.g., heterodont dentition) |
| D) | Hair |
| E) | Indirect flight muscles |
|
| 3 | Mammals may have sweat, scent, sebaceous, and mammary glands in their skin. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 4 | Mammals descended from a group of mammal-like reptiles called… |
| A) | Dicynodonts |
| B) | Therapsids |
| C) | Thecodonts |
| D) | Archosaurs |
| E) | Pelycosaurs |
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| 5 | The protein making up mammalian hair is called… |
| A) | Prolactin |
| B) | Keratin |
| C) | Pelagin |
| D) | Dermin |
| E) | N-acetyl glucosamine |
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| 6 | The most diverse group of mammals (in terms of number of species) is the… |
| A) | Monotremes |
| B) | Chiroptera |
| C) | Primates |
| D) | Early insectivores |
| E) | Ungulates |
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| 7 | Which of the following terms or phrases is associated with mammalian reproduction? |
| A) | Estrous cycle |
| B) | Menstruation |
| C) | Parental care |
| D) | All of the above are correct |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
|
| 8 | Primates are split into which two major lineages? |
| A) | Prosimians and simians |
| B) | Neanderthals and Homo erectus |
| C) | Hominids and simians |
| D) | Archosaurs and simians |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 9 | All primates have which of the following characteristics? |
| A) | Grasping fingers on all four limbs |
| B) | Flat fingernails instead of claws |
| C) | Excellent depth perception |
| D) | All of the above are correct |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 10 | Most mammals have a highly developed placenta, mammary glands, and an advanced nervous system. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 11 | The secondary palate, which separates the air passageway from the food passageway, enables mammals to hold and partially break down food in their mouths without interrupting breathing. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 12 | Which of the following is NOT correct? |
| A) | Convoluted turbinate bones in the nasal cavity provide a high surface area for warming and moistening inspired air and for reducing moisture loss during exhalation |
| B) | The mammals comprise a large and diverse group of species, far exceeding the number of bird species |
| C) | Some mammals, such as gorillas, are near extinction because of human destruction of their habitats |
| D) | The evolutionary descent of mammals from their earliest amniote ancestors is perhaps the most fully documented transition in vertebrate history |
| E) | The earliest synapsids radiated into diverse herbivorous and carnivorous forms collectively called Pelycosaurs |
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| 13 | Pelycosaurs somewhat resemble lizards but are not closely related to them. In addition, Pelycosaurs are not a monophyletic group. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 14 | Only the last therapsid subgroup to evolve, the cynodonts, survived to enter the Mesozoic era. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 15 | Loss of lumbar ribs in cynodonts is not correlated with the evolution of a diaphragm. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 16 | Which of the following most closely resembles the mammals, sharing with them several derived features of the skull and teeth? |
| A) | Pelycosaurs |
| B) | Trihelodontids |
| C) | Cynodonts |
| D) | Polyphyodonts |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 17 | While dinosaurs became diverse and abundant, all nonmammalian synapsid groups became extinct. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 18 | With the evolution of a new jaw joint between the dentary and squamosal bones in mammals, bones of the previous jaw joint—the articular and quadrate—continued their gradual reduction in size and became relocated in the middle ear, where they became the malleus and incus, respectively. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 19 | Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all members of Mammalia? |
| A) | Body typically covered with hair |
| B) | Movable eyelids and fleshy external ears (pinnae) |
| C) | Four-chambered heart with two atria and two ventricles |
| D) | Biconcave, nonnucleated erythrocytes |
| E) | Cloaca present in all groups |
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| 20 | Which one of the following is NOT a correct match? |
| A) | Skin—composed of an epidermis covered by vibrissae |
| B) | Hair—composed of fibrous keratin; traps heat, sometimes adds color |
| C) | Antlers—shed after the breeding season |
| D) | Pelage—the combination of underhair and guard hair |
| E) | Molts—periodic loss and replacement of fur |
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| 21 | True horns, found in members of the family Bovidae, are hollow sheaths of keratinized epidermis that embrace a core of bone arising from the skull. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 22 | Antlers of the deer family Cervidae are branched and composed of solid bone. The horns of rhinoceros are similar structures attached directly to the skull. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 23 | Sweat glands are classified as eccrine and apocrine glands. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 24 | Which of the following is NOT correct? |
| A) | Mammalian teeth—heterodont dentition |
| B) | Monotremes—lack nipples |
| C) | Deciduous teeth—milk teeth replaced by a permanent set |
| D) | Cellulose—easily digested by all mammalian herbivores |
| E) | Ruminants—four-chambered stomach |
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| 25 | Hares, rabbits, and some rodents often eat their fecal pellets. This is known as… |
| A) | Herbivory |
| B) | Carnivory |
| C) | Coprophagy |
| D) | Omnivory |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 26 | In general, the larger the mammal, the greater the metabolic rate and the more it must consume relative to its body size. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 27 | Unlike birds, very few mammals make regular seasonal migrations. More mammalian migrators are found in North America than on any other continent. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 28 | Gliding and flying evolved independently in several groups of mammals, including rodents, flying lemurs, and bats, but not marsupials. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 29 | Most bats are nocturnal or crepuscular in behavior, thus occupying a niche largely uninhabited by birds. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 30 | Which of the following is NOT correct? |
| A) | Many insectivores (such as shrews and tenrecs) use echolocation, but it is crudely developed compared with that of bats |
| B) | Not all bats use echolocation to navigate, even though most bats have poor vision |
| C) | The eggs of monotremes are covered by a thin, leathery shell |
| D) | Echidnas incubate their eggs in an abdominal pouch |
| E) | Marsupials have a primitive choriovitelline placenta |
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| 31 | Gestation is brief in marsupials, and therefore all marsupials give birth to tiny young that are effectively still embryos, both anatomically and physiologically. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 32 | True placental mammals are always viviparous. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 33 | Which of the following matches is NOT correct? |
| A) | Territories—areas from which individuals of the same species are excluded |
| B) | Home range—a much larger foraging area surrounding a defended territory |
| C) | Density-independent factor—natural catastrophes are an example |
| D) | Cycles of abundance—in population are rare in mammals |
| E) | Arboreal—living in the trees |
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| 34 | The earliest simian fossils appeared in Africa in late Eocene deposits, some 40 million years ago. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 35 | Old World monkeys are classified as cercopithecoids and lack the grasping tail of the New World ceboid monkeys. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 36 | Old World Monkeys and anthropoid apes are not sister taxa. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 37 | Which of the following is NOT correct? |
| A) | Australopithecus anamensis—possibly bipedal; an intermediate form between A. ramadus and A. afarensis (Lucy) |
| B) | Gracile australopithecinces are considered direct ancestors to Homo populations. |
| C) | Chad—site of Sahelanthropous tchadensis, a chimplike creature and the most ancient hominid yet discovered |
| D) | Ardipithecus ramadus—may have been bipedal, with a mosaic of primitive apelike and derived hominid traits |
| E) | Homo habilis—a fully erect hominid but undoubtedly incapable of any kind of speech |
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| 38 | Recent molecular genetic studies indicate that human populations have formed a single evolutionary lineage for the past 1.7 million years. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 39 | Fossil and mtDNA evidence indicates that characteristics of Homo sapiens, as presently defined, arose in Africa about 20 million years ago. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |