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| 1 | A(n) ______ includes all of the populations in a certain area as well as the abioitic environment. |
 | A) | Population |
| B) | Community |
| C) | Lithosphere |
| D) | Ecosystem |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 2 | The complexity of species in a particular community is a measurement of… |
| A) | Competition |
| B) | Species diversity |
| C) | The niche |
| D) | The intrinsic factor |
| E) | The extrinsic factor |
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| 3 | If resources are not in short supply, ________ would not be expected to occur. |
| A) | Mutualism |
| B) | Amensalism |
| C) | Competition |
| D) | Predation |
| E) | Parasitism |
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| 4 | Competitive relationships reduce the fitness of both species; commensal relationships increase the fitness of both partners. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 5 | Because of competition within a community, an animal's ____________ may be limited to a smaller range of conditions. |
| A) | Fundamental niche |
| B) | Realized niche |
| C) | Deme |
| D) | Habitat |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 6 | Frogs of the same species live in two ponds that are close, and frogs from each pond do occasionally mate with each other, pond-to-pond. However, they do not interact to a great degree. For this reason they are considered to be members of different… |
| A) | Populations |
| B) | Communities |
| C) | Demes |
| D) | Ecosystems |
| E) | Habitats |
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| 7 | Density dependent factors are typically biotic and aid in maintaining a population near or at the carrying capacity. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 8 | Frogs of species A are only found in marginal marshy habitats and frogs of species B inhabit the prime habitats. Experimental removal of frog species B showed that the frogs of species A moved into the prime habitats. Therefore, originally, the species A frogs were inhabiting their ___________. |
| A) | Deme |
| B) | Fundamental niche |
| C) | Realized niche |
| D) | Absolute niche |
| E) | Habitat |
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| 9 | The study of population structure is… |
| A) | Demography |
| B) | Etymology |
| C) | Ecology |
| D) | Helminthology |
| E) | Entomology |
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| 10 | Most modular animals reproduce |
| A) | By parthenogenesis |
| B) | Asexually |
| C) | Only during estrus |
| D) | Via internal fertilization |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 11 | The survivorship curve of most invertebrates and many “lower” vertebrates such as fish shows… |
| A) | High mortality at early ages |
| B) | Constant mortality during life |
| C) | Rapid mortality at later ages |
| D) | None of the above is correct |
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| 12 | In the equations describing population growth, r indicates the… |
| A) | Number in the population |
| B) | Carrying capacity |
| C) | The intrinsic rate of increase |
| D) | Death rate |
| E) | Rate of immigration |
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| 13 | Organisms that are potentially prey often are camouflaged, and this is called crypsis. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 14 | In the equations describing population growth, K indicates the… |
| A) | Intrinsic rate of increase |
| B) | Carrying capacity |
| C) | Number in the population |
| D) | Death rate |
| E) | Birth rate |
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| 15 | Exponential growth may be graphed (time versus population size) in a(n) ____-shaped curve |
| A) | “S” |
| B) | “K” |
| C) | “C” |
| D) | “J” |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 16 | Energy budgets are divided into the following three components: gross productivity, net productivity and metabolism. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 17 | Predator-prey and parasite-host relationships are classically considered to be… |
| A) | ++ |
| B) | + - |
| C) | –0 |
| D) | - - |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 18 | A relationship in which past competition has resulted such that one of the species experiences little harm is known as… |
| A) | Commensalism |
| B) | Amensalism |
| C) | Mutualism |
| D) | Parasitism |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 19 | Studies of different species of birds that live in forests have shown that to avoid competition, the birds will use the limiting resource in a slightly different way (e.g., foraging at different heights of the trees, or picking up insects of slightly different sizes). This is known as… |
| A) | Niche overlap |
| B) | Character displacement |
| C) | Competitive exclusion |
| D) | Niche adjustment |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 20 | Biogeochemical cycles refer to the exchanges between the biotic and abiotic components of various nutrients. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 21 | Birds that divide up similar resources as described in the previous question may be described as belonging to a… |
| A) | Deme |
| B) | Niche |
| C) | Guild |
| D) | Population |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 22 | The relationship between predator and prey is best characterized by… |
| A) | Character displacement |
| B) | Functional niches |
| C) | Realized niches |
| D) | Coevolution |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 23 | A species that is of utmost importance in a community, such that its absence changes the entire character of the community is called the… |
| A) | Keystone species |
| B) | Ultimate species |
| C) | Primary predator |
| D) | Primary guild |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 24 | A ________ links trophic levels and depicts the transfer of energy and materials. |
| A) | Food web |
| B) | Pyramid of numbers |
| C) | Pyramid of energy |
| D) | Pyramid of biomass |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 25 | Green plants are known as… |
| A) | Primary producers |
| B) | Primary consumers |
| C) | Secondary producers |
| D) | Tertiary producers |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 26 | Decomposers are primarily _________ and fungi. |
| A) | Green plants |
| B) | Diatoms |
| C) | Bacteria |
| D) | Kelp |
| E) | Viruses |
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| 27 | Approximately _______ percent of the energy available at one trophic level is converted into new biomass in the next trophic level. |
| A) | 5 |
| B) | 10 |
| C) | 25 |
| D) | 75 |
| E) | 100 |
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| 28 | Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction where females give birth to clonal female offspring. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 29 | It would be expected that r would be greater for a human than a bacterium. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 30 | One negative aspect of mutualistic relationships may be seen if one of the members of the relationship becomes extinct; then the extant species may be negatively affected. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 31 | After analyzing the pyramid of energy, it could be said that it might be most prudent to… |
| A) | Become a vegetarian |
| B) | Raise your own cows in your backyard |
| C) | Dig out a fish pond in your backyard |
| D) | Ignore all recommendations and eat what you want |
| E) | None of the above sounds prudent |
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| 32 | When analyzing a pyramid of energy, the production of _________ may actually exceed the energy production of zooplankton. |
| A) | Phytoplankton |
| B) | Decomposers |
| C) | Carnivores |
| D) | Parasites |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 33 | There are many exceptions to the classic pyramids, but the pyramid of _________ may never be inverted. |
| A) | Numbers |
| B) | Biomass |
| C) | Carnivores |
| D) | Energy |
| E) | None of the above is correct |
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| 34 | Which of the following statements is NOT correct? |
| A) | The largest and most inclusive ecosystem is the lithosphere. |
| B) | The age structure of a deme can indicate whether it is increasing, stable, or declining. |
| C) | Density dependent factors are typically biotic and aid in maintaining a population near the carrying capacity. |
| D) | Density independent factors include catastrophic events such as volcanic eruptions. |
| E) | All of the above are correct. |
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| 35 | Which of the following statements is correct? |
| A) | The physical place where an organism lives is called its niche. |
| B) | Interaction among various niches is referred to as metapopulation dynamics. |
| C) | The principle of niche overlap states that two organisms that share identical niches will eventually result in one species completely outcompeting the other species. |
| D) | Batesian mimicry occurs when two or more toxic species resemble each other. |
| E) | None of the above is correct. |
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| 36 | The key term associated with competition is a “limited resource.” |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 37 | A niche, in ecological terms, refers to organisms that share a common place in the environment, including their shared habitat and feeding habits. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |
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| 38 | If you find that a number of snakes are all venomous and share a similar coloration, you may hypothesize that this is a form of Mullerian mimicry. |
| A) | True |
| B) | False |