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- Problems vary from well-defined to ill-defined.
- In a well-defined problem the information needed to solve it is available and clear.
- With an ill-defined problem, the information required to solve the problem may be even less obvious.
- Typically, a problem falls into one of the three categories.
- Arrangement problems require the problem-solver to rearrange or recombine elements in a way that will satisfy a certain criterion.
- In problems of inducing structure, a person must construct a new relationship among elements of the problem.
- Transformation problems consist of an initial state and a method for changing the initial state into the goal state.
- A crucial aspect of problem solving is the way in which we represent it to ourselves.
- Our ability to represent a problem depends on the way a problem is framed.
- There are several approaches to problem solving.
- Trial-and-error problem solving involves a methodical step-by-step approach.
- Complex problem solving often involves the use of heuristics, the cognitive shortcuts that can generate solutions.
- In a means-end analysis, each step brings the problem-solver closer to a resolution.
- Some approaches to generating possible solutions focus on sudden bursts of comprehension.
- Even chimpanzees sometimes experience these "insights."
- The final stage in problem solving is judging the adequacy of a solution.
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