| ACCENT | (or stress) is the relative force with which a syllable is pronounced. The primary accent is the one that receives the strongest and heaviest emphasis. Unstressed syllables receive the weakest emphasis.
|
 |
|
|
| ALPHABETIC PRINCIPLE | is when alphabetic symbols represent spoken sounds. English orthography (or written English) is based on this principle.
|
|
|
|
| ALPHABETIC WRITING SYSTEM | is when individual spoken sounds are represented by individual written symbols. The letters and sounds work together in a systematic way to connect spoken language to its written equivalent.
|
|
|
|
| BLENDING | is combining individual phonemes to make spoken words. Blending also involves putting onsets and rimes together in words.
|
|
|
|
| BLENDS | are two or three letters that represent separate but closely associated sounds. They are sometimes called "clusters."
|
|
|
|
| CLOSED SYLLABLE | is a syllable that ends in a consonant.
|
|
|
|
| CONSONANT DIGRAPHS | are two different consonant letters that represent a single consonant phoneme.
|
|
|
|
| CONSONANTS | are one of the two classes of sounds in a language (vowels are the other). There are 25 consonant phonemes and 19 consonant graphemes in the English language.
|
|
|
|
| DELETION | involves mentally removing part of a word to make another word.
|
|
|
|
| DIGRAPHS | are two different letters that represent a single phoneme.
|
|
|
|
| GLIDES | are phonemes that don't occur as final sounds (/h/, /w/, and /y/). When these phonemes come before a vowel, they act like consonants, and when they follow a vowel, they combine with the vowel sounds.
|
|
|
|
| GRAPHEMES | are written symbols. They are basic, minimal, indivisible units of writing, the letters of the alphabet. There are 26 graphemes in the English alphabet.
|
|
|
|
| ISOLATION | is the ability to identify where phonemes occur in words--at the beginning, middle, or ending.
|
|
|
|
| LONG VOWELS | are the vowel sounds you hear in the middle of words like cake, heat, ride, road, and cute. Long vowels are marked with a macron, or flat line, above the letter.
|
|
|
|
| MEDIAL VOWELS | sometimes called "broad vowels," are neither short nor long. These phonemes have the sound of the vowel in words like father, ball, shawl, and odd, and they are often difficult to distinguish and classify because of the different ways individuals pronounce them.
|
|
|
|
| ONSET | is the part of the syllable that comes before the vowel.
|
|
|
|
| OPEN SYLLABLE | is a syllable that ends in a vowel sound.
|
|
|
|
| PHONEMES | are spoken sounds. They are basic, minimal, indivisible sound units in words. The English sound system has 44 phonemes.
|
|
|
|
| PHONEMIC AWARENESS | involves the knowledge that spoken words are made up of discrete sounds. It also involves the ability to manipulate these sounds in different ways.
|
|
|
|
| PHONICS | is the study of sound-symbol relationships in learning to read and spell.
|
|
|
|
| PHONOLOGICAL AWARENESS | is an umbrella term that includes the study of speech sounds, how they are made, and other aspects of the speech act.
|
|
|
|
| R-CONTROLLED VOWELS | are vowels followed by the letter r. They have neither a long nor short sound.
|
|
|
|
| RHYMING | is the ability to recognize and produce rhyming words.
|
|
|
|
| RIME | is the vowel and any consonants that follow it in a syllable.
|
|
|
|
| SCHWA | is a vowel sound that occurs only in unaccented syllables. It is represented by the symbol /_/.
|
|
|
|
| SEGMENTATION | is the ability to break words into their component phonological parts.
|
|
|
|
| SHORT VOWELS | are the vowel sounds you hear in the middle of words like cat, bed, big, hot, and mud. These sounds typically occur in a Consonant-Vowel-Consonant (CVC) pattern and they are marked with a breve, or small u shape, above the letter.
|
|
|
|
| SILENT LETTERS | are consonant letters that have no corresponding sounds in words.
|
|
|
|
| SUBSTITUTION | involves changing words by replacing one sound with another.
|
|
|
|
| SYLLABLES | are clusters of phonemes that make up larger sound units in words. All syllables must have a vowel. Syllables can be open or closed.
|
|
|
|
| VOWELS | constitute the second largest category of sounds in any language (consonants are the largest). There are 19 vowel phonemes in the overall sound system of American English and 5 vowel graphemes.
|
|
|
|
| VOWEL DIGRAPHS | are two vowel letters that combine to make a single sound.
|
|
|
|
| VOWEL DIPHTHONGS | are two vowel letters that together represent a "blended" vowel sound. Diphthongs are sometimes called "vowel blends." The sounds are closely associated and connected, but one can hear a "slide" between the two sounds.
|