A dialectical perspective on transitions reveals the tension between the individual and societal level of cultural adaptation.
The four types of migrants are sojourners, immigrants, short-term refugees, and long-term refugees.
There are five modes of host–migrant relationships: assimilation, separation, integration, marginalization, and hybridity.
A social science approach to adaptation emphasizes individual influences and outcomes and includes the AUM model, the transition model, and the integrative model.
An interpretive approach emphasizes the lived experience and includes the U-curve theory, the W-curve theory, and phenomenological studies.
A critical approach emphasizes the contextual influences on adaptation: social institutions, and political, historical, and economic structures.
Cultural identity and adaptation are related in many ways.
Those who live “on the borders” often develop multicultural identities.
