 |
| 1 | |
In his book The Origin of Species, Darwin clearly stated how variations came about and how they were transmitted. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
All the members of a single species occupying a particular area at the same time is a _____. |
| | A) | community |
| | B) | population |
| | C) | neighborhood |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
Evolution that occurs within a population is _____. |
| | A) | microevolution |
| | B) | macroevolution |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
The various alleles at all the gene loci in all individuals make up the _____ of the population. |
| | A) | gametes |
| | B) | zygotes |
| | C) | gene pool |
| | D) | phenotype |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
Sexual reproduction alone cannot bring about a change in allele frequencies. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
The dominant allele is the most common allele in the gene pool. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
The Hardy-Weinberg law states that an equilibrium of allele frequencies in a gene pool will remain in effect in each succeeding generation of a sexually reproducing population as long as _____ conditions are met. |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | three |
| | C) | five |
| | D) | seven |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
What is the number of dominant alleles in a population of 100 individuals with the following genotypes: 30 BB, 60 Bb, 10 bb? |
| | A) | 60 |
| | B) | 90 |
| | C) | 120 |
| | D) | 160 |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
What is the frequency of the dominant allele in a population of 100 individuals with the following genotypes: 30 BB, 60 Bb, 10 bb? |
| | A) | 0.2 |
| | B) | 0.4 |
| | C) | 0.6 |
| | D) | 0.8 |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
What is the frequency of the recessive allele in a population of 100 individuals with the following genotypes: 30 BB, 60 Bb, 10 bb? |
| | A) | 0.2 |
| | B) | 0.4 |
| | C) | 0.6 |
| | D) | 0.8 |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
In the Hardy-Weinberg equation, 2pq equals the percentage of _____. |
| | A) | homozygous dominant |
| | B) | homozygous recessive |
| | C) | heterozygous |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
Hardy and Weinberg used the binomial expression (p2 + 2pq +q2) to calculate the _____of a population. |
| | A) | genotypic frequencies |
| | B) | allelic frequencies |
| | C) | both A and B |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
Evolution can be detected by noting an deviation from a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium of allele frequencies in the gene pool of a population. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
Which of the following conditions will cause evolution within a population to occur? |
| | A) | no mutations |
| | B) | random mating |
| | C) | natural selection |
| | D) | no gene flow |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
If there is migration of individuals into or out of a population evolution will occur. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 16 | |
The shift in the population of peppered moths from 10% dark-colored moths prior to the advent of industry to 80% dark-colored moths after the advent of industry illustrates the process of _____. |
| | A) | microevolution |
| | B) | macroevolution |
| | C) | industrial melanism |
| | D) | both A and C |
|
|
|
| 17 | |
Of the conditions that can cause a deviation from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium only _____ causes adaptation to the environment. |
| | A) | mutation |
| | B) | natural selection |
| | C) | gene flow |
| | D) | nonrandom mating |
|
|
|
| 18 | |
A mutation can be __________ to an organism. |
| | A) | beneficial |
| | B) | neutral in its effect |
| | C) | harmful |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 19 | |
Genetic drift is more likely to occur in a small population. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 20 | |
Studies on many species have demonstrated that high levels of allelic variation are the exception rather than the rule in natural populations. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 21 | |
Gene flow _____. |
| | A) | is the result of a change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA |
| | B) | among populations increases the rate of speciation |
| | C) | tends to decrease the genetic diversity among populations |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 22 | |
If there is an absence of migration of breeding individuals among populations ____ will not occur. |
| | A) | gene flow |
| | B) | genetic mutations |
| | C) | natural selection |
| | D) | random mating |
|
|
|
| 23 | |
Gene flow can increase the variation within a population by introducing novel alleles from some other population. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 24 | |
Random mating occurs when _____. |
| | A) | individuals pair by chance |
| | B) | individuals pair according to genotypes |
| | C) | individuals pair according to phenotypes |
|
|
|
| 25 | |
Which of the following is an example of sexual selection? |
| | A) | the attraction of peahens to a male peacock with an elaborate tail |
| | B) | tall humans mating with other tall humans |
| | C) | inbreeding |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 26 | |
Inbreeding _____. |
| | A) | does not change allele frequencies |
| | B) | decreases the proportion of heterozygotes at all gene loci |
| | C) | increases the frequency of recessive abnormalities in the phenotype in humans |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 27 | |
When individuals tend to mate with those that have the same phenotype with respect to some characteristic _____ occurs. |
| | A) | sexual selection |
| | B) | assortative mating |
| | C) | random mating |
| | D) | inbreeding |
|
|
|
| 28 | |
Assortative mating results in increased homozygotes for the gene loci that control a certain trait and decreased heterozygotes for the same loci. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 29 | |
Genetic drift _____. |
| | A) | is more likely to occur in large populations |
| | B) | increases genetic variability in a population |
| | C) | may begin when a species becomes nearly extinct |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 30 | |
Genetic drift is a random process. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 31 | |
Which of the following might be a cause of genetic drift? |
| | A) | overharvesting |
| | B) | habitat loss |
| | C) | earthquake |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 32 | |
Cheetahs are a good illustration of how genetic drift can cause certain alleles to be lost from a population. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 33 | |
When the majority of types of genotypes are prevented from participating in the production of the next generation _____ has occurred. |
| | A) | the bottleneck effect |
| | B) | disruptive selection |
| | C) | gene flow |
| | D) | random mating |
|
|
|
| 34 | |
A recessive allele that causes polydactylism is found in an usually large percentage of the Amish of Lancaster County, PA because of _____. |
| | A) | stabilizing selection |
| | B) | sexual selection |
| | C) | the founder effect |
| | D) | industrial melanism |
|
|
|
| 35 | |
Gene mutations are the ultimate source of variation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 36 | |
Small populations develop as a result of the _____ which leads to genetic drift that affects gene pool frequencies. |
| | A) | founder effect |
| | B) | bottleneck effect |
| | C) | both A and B |
| | D) | neither A or B |
|
|
|
| 37 | |
Disruptive selection occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 38 | |
When an extreme phenotype is favored and the distribution curve shifts in that direction _____ selection occurs. |
| | A) | stabilizing |
| | B) | directional |
| | C) | disruptive |
| | D) | both A and B |
|
|
|
| 39 | |
The industrial melanism of the peppered moths is an example of ____ selection. |
| | A) | stabilizing |
| | B) | directional |
| | C) | sexual |
| | D) | disruptive |
|
|
|
| 40 | |
Natural selection is the process that results in adaptation of a population to the biotic and abiotic environments. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 41 | |
Fitness does not vary according to the environment in which an individual lives. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 42 | |
When organisms adapt to the abiotic environment they become adapted to _____. |
| | A) | predation |
| | B) | extreme temperatures |
| | C) | parasitism |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 43 | |
An individual's fitness affects _____. |
| | A) | variation |
| | B) | inheritance |
| | C) | differential adaptedness |
| | D) | differential reproduction |
|
|
|
| 44 | |
Evolution by natural selection requires _____. |
| | A) | differential reproduction |
| | B) | inheritable genetic differences |
| | C) | differential adaptedness |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 45 | |
Most of the traits on which natural selection acts are polygenic. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 46 | |
Misuse of antibiotics _____. |
| | A) | cause bacteria to become resistant to antibiotics |
| | B) | cause people to become immune to antibiotics |
| | C) | select for bacteria that are already resistant to antibiotics |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 47 | |
Traits that are controlled by more than one pair of alleles located at different gene loci display a range of phenotypes, the frequency distribution of which usually resembles a bell-shaped curve. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 48 | |
Which of the following is not an example of directional selection? |
| | A) | the gradual increase in size of the modern horse |
| | B) | survival of average weight human infants |
| | C) | the increasing resistance of the malaria causing protozoan to chloroquine |
| | D) | the increasing number of dark-colored peppered moths after the advent of industry |
|
|
|
| 49 | |
Which type of selection improves adaptation of the population to those aspects of the environment that remain constant? |
| | A) | directional |
| | B) | stabilizing |
| | C) | disruptive |
| | D) | none of the above |
|
|
|
| 50 | |
When two or more extreme phenotypes are favored over any intermediate phenotype _____ selection occurs. |
| | A) | directional |
| | B) | stabilizing |
| | C) | disruptive |
|
|
|
| 51 | |
The occurrence of disruptive selection in the British land snails created _____. |
| | A) | two different phenotypes, snails with dark shells and snails with light-banded shells |
| | B) | one intermediate phenotype, snails with mottled shells |
| | C) | a larger number of snails with dark shells |
| | D) | none of the above |
|
|
|
| 52 | |
Variation is maintained by _____. |
| | A) | mutation |
| | B) | gene flow |
| | C) | diploidy |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 53 | |
The _____ individual in a population will remain a source of the recessive allele since it is not phenotypically exposed. |
| | A) | homozygous dominant |
| | B) | heterozygous |
| | C) | homozygous recessive |
|
|
|
| 54 | |
Only alleles that cause a phenotypic difference are subject to natural selection. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 55 | |
When the ratio of two or more phenotypes remains the same in each generation it is called _____. |
| | A) | balanced polymorphism |
| | B) | sexual dimorphism |
|
|
|
| 56 | |
In areas of Africa where malaria is prevalent individuals who are _____ for sickle-cell diseases are fitter than those with other genotypes. |
| | A) | homozygous dominant |
| | B) | homozygous recessive |
| | C) | heterozygous |
|
|
|
| 57 | |
The increased fitness of the individuals who are heterozygous for sickle-cell disease in areas where malaria is prevalent maintains the recessive allele in the population. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 58 | |
Populations that lack variation may _____. |
| | A) | become extinct |
| | B) | not be able to adapt to new conditions |
| | C) | both A and B |
|
|
|
| 59 | |
If two individuals in neighboring populations mate but their gametes cannot fuse to form a zygote, this is an example of _____. |
| | A) | temporal isolation |
| | B) | mechanical isolation |
| | C) | gamete isolation |
| | D) | behavioral isolation |
|
|
|
| 60 | |
The final result of changes in the gene pool allele and genotypic frequencies is _____. |
| | A) | extinction |
| | B) | speciation |
| | C) | a population bottleneck |
| | D) | genetic drift |
|
|
|
| 61 | |
Which of the following correctly describes a species? |
| | A) | members of a species can interbreed |
| | B) | members of a species have a shared gene pool |
| | C) | members are unable to successfully breed with members of other species |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 62 | |
Gene flow occurs between the populations of a species but not between populations of different species. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 63 | |
Speciation is _____. |
| | A) | the splitting of one species into two or more species |
| | B) | the transformation of one species into a new species over time |
| | C) | both A and B |
|
|
|
| 64 | |
Which of the following is a postzygotic isolating mechanism? |
| | A) | hybrid sterility |
| | B) | habitat isolation |
| | C) | mechanical isolation |
| | D) | temporal isolation |
|
|
|
| 65 | |
The form of speciation dependent upon a geographical barrier is _____. |
| | A) | allopatric |
| | B) | sympatric |
|
|
|
| 66 | |
Sympatric speciation can occur due to _____. |
| | A) | geographic isolation |
| | B) | random mating |
| | C) | hybridization |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 67 | |
The different species of Galapagos finches developed from a single mainland ancestral finch through _____. |
| | A) | a population bottleneck |
| | B) | adaptive radiation |
| | C) | random mating |
| | D) | sympatric speciation |
|
|
|
| 68 | |
Polyploid plants can successfully reproduce (produce fertile offspring) _____. |
| | A) | only with diploid plants |
| | B) | only with other like polyploid plants |
| | C) | with any plants |
|
|
|
| 69 | |
When the different species of Galapagos finches happen to reside on the same island they interbreed. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 70 | |
The finch populations on the various Galapagos Islands experienced _____ resulting in the formation of different species of finches. |
| | A) | the founder effect |
| | B) | natural selection |
| | C) | adaptive radiation |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 71 | |
When a population is geographically isolated from other populations gene flow stops. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 72 | |
Prezygotic isolating mechanisms are those that prevent reproduction attempts and make it unlikely that fertilization will be successful if mating is attempted. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 73 | |
Hybrids are typically fertile and the offspring of hybrids are always fertile. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 74 | |
The rejection of finch suitors with the wrong type of beak is a _____ type of isolating mechanism. |
| | A) | postzygotic |
| | B) | mechanical |
| | C) | temporal |
| | D) | behavioral |
|
|
|
| 75 | |
The ability of a plant's stigma to control which pollen grains can successfully complete pollination is a type of _____ isolation mechanism. |
| | A) | habitat |
| | B) | mechanical |
| | C) | gamete |
| | D) | temporal |
|
|
|
| 76 | |
The use of pheromones is a form of _____ isolation. |
| | A) | behavioral |
| | B) | mechanical |
| | C) | habitat |
| | D) | temporal |
|
|
|
| 77 | |
The inaccessibility of pollen to certain pollinators can prevent cross-fertilization in plants. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 78 | |
Characteristics of animal genitalia or plant floral structures which make mating with other species impossible are forms of _____ isolation. |
| | A) | habitat |
| | B) | gamete |
| | C) | temporal |
| | D) | mechanical |
|
|
|
| 79 | |
A population of red maples will interbreed with a population of sugar maples. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 80 | |
A mating season specific to each species is a form of prezygotic isolation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
.