 |
| 1 | |
Enzymes associated with the _____ of the sperm help the sperm penetrate the egg. |
| | A) | head |
| | B) | tail |
| | C) | midpiece |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
The egg plasma membrane and zona pellucida undergo changes after fusion of the sperm nucleus and the egg nucleus that prevents the entrance of any other sperm. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
During cleavage, the number of embryonic cells increases, but the overall size of the embryo does not. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
Gastrulation is complete when _____. |
| | A) | the blastocoel develops |
| | B) | three layers of cells are present |
| | C) | the egg nucleus fuses with the sperm nucleus |
| | D) | the ectoderm and endoderm are present |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
The _____ is the outer germ layer. |
| | A) | ectoderm |
| | B) | endoderm |
| | C) | mesoderm |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
Which of the choices is the correct order of embryonic stages?
1. blastula
2. zygote
3. morula
4. gastrula |
| | A) | 3, 2, 1, 4 |
| | B) | 2, 4, 3, 1 |
| | C) | 2, 3, 1, 4 |
| | D) | 3, 2, 4, 1 |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
The amount of yolk present does not affect development. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
The egg of a _____ contains a lot of yolk. |
| | A) | human |
| | B) | frog |
| | C) | chick |
| | D) | lancelet |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
In the frog and the chick, the coelomic cavity is formed from a split in the _____. |
| | A) | ectoderm |
| | B) | mesoderm |
| | C) | endoderm |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
The notochord is replaced by the vertebral column in humans. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
The notochord persists in _____. |
| | A) | lancelets |
| | B) | frogs |
| | C) | chicks |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
Cleavage in a _____ results in cells spread out on a portion of the yolk rather than a ball of cells. |
| | A) | human |
| | B) | lancelet |
| | C) | chick |
| | D) | frog |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
No matter how gastrulation takes place, three germs are formed. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
The _____ is a cavity in the blastula. |
| | A) | blastocoel |
| | B) | coelom |
| | C) | hemocoel |
| | D) | archenteron |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
The space created by invagination into the blastocoel forms the primitive gut. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 16 | |
Since lancelets are deuterostomes, the blastopore becomes the _____. |
| | A) | mouth |
| | B) | anus |
|
|
|
| 17 | |
In the frog, the developing coelom is completely lined with _____. |
| | A) | endoderm |
| | B) | ectoderm |
| | C) | mesoderm |
|
|
|
| 18 | |
The stage of development characterized by a hollow ball of cells is the _____ stage. |
| | A) | gastrula |
| | B) | morula |
| | C) | zygote |
| | D) | blastula |
|
|
|
| 19 | |
In the chick, the presence of so much yolk prevents endoderm formation by invagination. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 20 | |
The notochord develops from mesoderm. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 21 | |
In vertebrates, the somites produce the _____. |
| | A) | vertebral bones |
| | B) | segmental muscles |
| | C) | both A and B |
|
|
|
| 22 | |
Which of the following adult vertebrate structures developed from the mesoderm? |
| | A) | skeleton |
| | B) | cardiovascular system |
| | C) | dermis of the skin |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 23 | |
The adult vertebrate's nervous system arose from the _____. |
| | A) | ectoderm |
| | B) | mesoderm |
| | C) | endoderm |
|
|
|
| 24 | |
Which does an egg have? |
| | A) | plasma membrane. |
| | B) | zona pellucida. |
| | C) | jelly coat |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 25 | |
A _____ notochord develops in the lancelet, frog, chick and human. |
| | A) | dorsal |
| | B) | ventral |
|
|
|
| 26 | |
Cell movement is one of the earliest indicators of _____. |
| | A) | gastrulation |
| | B) | fertilization |
| | C) | morphogenesis |
| | D) | cell differentiation |
|
|
|
| 27 | |
All cells have the ability to produce hemoglobin. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 28 | |
Development requires _____. |
| | A) | cellular differentiation |
| | B) | growth |
| | C) | morphogenesis |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 29 | |
Cellular differentiation occurs when _____. |
| | A) | cells become specialized in structure and function |
| | B) | genes are parceled out to different cells |
| | C) | both A and B |
|
|
|
| 30 | |
Cytoplasmic substances initially influence which genes are activated and how cells differentiate |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 31 | |
Cytoplasmic segregation is the parceling out of the _____ determinants which determine how the various cells of the morula will develop. |
| | A) | maternal |
| | B) | paternal |
|
|
|
| 32 | |
If the frog's gray crescent is equally divided by the first cleavage, then each daughter cell is capable of becoming a complete embryo. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 33 | |
Differential gene expression is dependent on _____. |
| | A) | induction |
| | B) | cytoplasmic segregation |
| | C) | both A and B |
|
|
|
| 34 | |
The ability of one embryonic tissue to influence the development of another tissue is called _____. |
| | A) | morphogenesis |
| | B) | gastrulation |
| | C) | induction |
| | D) | differentiation |
|
|
|
| 35 | |
When presumptive notochord tissue was cut out and transplanted beneath what would be belly ectoderm, the ectoderm developed into neural tissue. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 36 | |
Which of the following has been used as a model organism in the study of developmental biology? |
| | A) | Drosophila melanogaster. |
| | B) | Mus musculus. |
| | C) | Caenorhabditis elegans. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
|
|
|
| 37 | |
When a receptor protein binds a cell-death signal, _____. |
| | A) | the master ced protein is inactivated |
| | B) | apoptosis occurs |
| | C) | proteases and nucleases that slice up proteins and DNA in the cell are produced |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 38 | |
If apoptosis does not occur during human development, a child is born with webbing between the fingers and toes. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 39 | |
An inducer produced by a neighboring cell activates genes for vulva development in C. elegans. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 40 | |
Fate maps of C. elegans illustrate the location of genes for inducer proteins. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 41 | |
The Hox genes |
| | A) | are located on a single chromosome in humans and mice |
| | B) | greatly vary from species to species |
| | C) | are expressed from anterior to posterior in the same order in humans, mice and Drosophila. |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 42 | |
A homeotic mutation can result in misplaced antennae, legs or wings. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 43 | |
One of the first events in the successful development of Drosophila is the establishment of its _____. |
| | A) | segments |
| | B) | body axes |
|
|
|
| 44 | |
The organization of differentiated cells into specific three-dimensional structures is controlled by _____. |
| | A) | morphogens |
| | B) | bicoid genes |
| | C) | homeotic genes |
|
|
|
| 45 | |
A homeobox _____. |
| | A) | contains the same particular sequence of nucleotides |
| | B) | codes for a sequence of amino acids called a homeodomain |
| | C) | code for factors that regulate the transcription of other genes |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 46 | |
In humans, embryonic development _____. |
| | A) | consists of early formation of the major organs |
| | B) | occurs between months 3-9 of gestation |
| | C) | both A and B |
|
|
|
| 47 | |
The extraembryonic membranes _____. |
| | A) | remove waste |
| | B) | provide oxygen |
| | C) | protect the embryo |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 48 | |
Which is an extraembryonic membrane found in a chick? |
| | A) | the amnion. |
| | B) | the chorion. |
| | C) | the allantois |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 49 | |
All chordate animals develop in water. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 50 | |
In humans, the yolk sac lacks yolk. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 51 | |
The extraembryonic membrane that contains fluid which cushions and protects the embryo is the _____. |
| | A) | chorion |
| | B) | allantois |
| | C) | amnion |
| | D) | yolk sac |
|
|
|
| 52 | |
The _____ collects the uric acid produced by a developing chick. |
| | A) | chorion |
| | B) | allantois |
| | C) | amnion |
| | D) | yolk sac |
|
|
|
| 53 | |
The fetal half of the placenta is formed from the _____. |
| | A) | chorion |
| | B) | allantois |
| | C) | amnion |
| | D) | yolk sac |
|
|
|
| 54 | |
Fertilization occurs in the _____. |
| | A) | oviduct |
| | B) | uterus |
| | C) | vagina |
| | D) | ovarian follicle |
|
|
|
| 55 | |
Cleavage does not begin until the fertilized egg gets to the uterus. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 56 | |
The morula and zygote are about the same size even though the morula is composed of many cells. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 57 | |
The trophoblast gives rise to the _____. |
| | A) | embryo |
| | B) | chorion |
|
|
|
| 58 | |
The umbilical cord connects the embryonic circulatory system to the maternal circulatory system. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 59 | |
The trophoblast produces _____ which maintains the corpus luteum and prevents menstruation. |
| | A) | estrogen |
| | B) | inhibin |
| | C) | follicle stimulating hormone |
| | D) | human chorionic gonadotropin |
|
|
|
| 60 | |
During the third week of human gestation, the _____ begin its development. |
| | A) | heart |
| | B) | nervous system |
| | C) | both A and B |
|
|
|
| 61 | |
The blood vessels of the _____ become the umbilical blood vessels. |
| | A) | chorion |
| | B) | allantois |
| | C) | amnion |
| | D) | yolk sac |
|
|
|
| 62 | |
The fetal heartbeat can first be heard after _____. |
| | A) | two weeks |
| | B) | 16 weeks |
| | C) | six months |
|
|
|
| 63 | |
By weeks 6-8, the nervous system is developed well enough to permit reflex actions like a startle response to touch. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 64 | |
The developing eyes, ears and nose can be distinguished as early as the _____ week of gestation. |
| | A) | second |
| | B) | fifth |
| | C) | twelfth |
| | D) | twentieth |
|
|
|
| 65 | |
The _____ develop from the limb buds. |
| | A) | legs |
| | B) | arms |
| | C) | both A and B |
|
|
|
| 66 | |
In humans, the _____ become(s) the thymus gland and parathyroids. |
| | A) | notochord |
| | B) | umbilical cord |
| | C) | pharyngeal arches |
| | D) | limb buds |
|
|
|
| 67 | |
The bones of the embryonic tail become the _____. |
| | A) | phalanges |
| | B) | pelvic bones |
| | C) | ribs |
| | D) | coccyx |
|
|
|
| 68 | |
Only in fish and amphibian larvae do the pharyngeal arches become gills. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 69 | |
The placenta produces _____. |
| | A) | progesterone |
| | B) | estrogen |
| | C) | both A and B |
|
|
|
| 70 | |
Placental estrogen and progesterone _____. |
| | A) | maintain the endometrium in lieu of the corpus luteum |
| | B) | inhibit FSH and LH |
| | C) | prevent menstruation |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 71 | |
The umbilical cord transports fetal blood to and from the placenta. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 72 | |
Projections of the fetal portion of the placenta into the maternal tissues are called _____. |
| | A) | chorionic villi |
| | B) | placental alveoli |
| | C) | ciliated epithelium |
| | D) | chorionic sphincters |
|
|
|
| 73 | |
The exchange of molecules between fetal and maternal blood takes place across the walls of the chorionic villi. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 74 | |
The process of birth has _____ stage(s). |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | three |
| | D) | four |
|
|
|
| 75 | |
The baby is delivered during stage _____ of parturition. |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | two |
| | C) | three |
| | D) | four |
|
|
|
| 76 | |
Prior to the third month of gestation it is not possible to visually identify the fetus as a girl or a boy. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
|
|
|
| 77 | |
The last major organ(s) to develop completely is/are the _____. |
| | A) | lungs |
| | B) | liver |
| | C) | kidneys |
| | D) | heart |
|
|
|
| 78 | |
Fetal development (months 3-9) is marked by _____. |
| | A) | refinement of organ systems |
| | B) | an extreme increase in size |
| | C) | both A and B |
|
|
|
| 79 | |
Uterine contractions which expel the fetus are initiated by _____. |
| | A) | prostaglandins |
| | B) | oxytocin |
| | C) | androgens |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
.