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| 1 | |
If a slice of a pie is used as an analogy for an ecosystem then _____ could be an analogy for the biosphere. |
| | A) | the pie crust |
| | B) | the plate on which the pie is served |
| | C) | the whole pie |
| | D) | the pie filling |
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| 2 | |
All the silver maples in a given area make up a(n) _____. |
| | A) | population |
| | B) | community |
| | C) | ecosystem |
| | D) | biosphere |
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| 3 | |
Silver maples, red oaks, red wolves, deer, robins, bluejays, a fresh water stream, river otters, black rat snakes, various soil bacteria and fungi, loamy soil, and lots of rain in the spring could describe a(n) _____. |
| | A) | population |
| | B) | community |
| | C) | ecosystem |
| | D) | biosphere |
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| 4 | |
A population consists of all the organisms within an area belonging to the same species. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 5 | |
Ecology is the study of _____. |
| | A) | animal structures and functions of those structures |
| | B) | how organisms adapt to a changing environment |
| | C) | the interactions between organisms and the physical environment |
| | D) | how living things are organized and classified |
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| 6 | |
Modern ecology seeks to _____. |
| | A) | describe the interactions between organisms and the physical environment |
| | B) | develop models that explain and predict the distribution and abundance of organisms |
| | C) | analyze levels of organization and develop models and hypotheses that can be tested |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 7 | |
Which of the following is a possible application of ecological principles? |
| | A) | the reintroduction of wolves into Yellowstone National Park to control elk numbers |
| | B) | genetically engineering bacteria to produce human insulin |
| | C) | using the fermentation process of yeast to make beer |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 8 | |
The number of organisms per unit area or volume is the _____. |
| | A) | population density |
| | B) | population distribution |
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| 9 | |
Basing ecological models solely on population density can be misleading. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 10 | |
Most populations are distributed _____. |
| | A) | uniformly |
| | B) | randomly |
| | C) | in clumps |
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| 11 | |
The territoriality of birds causes _____ distribution of the organisms. |
| | A) | random |
| | B) | clumped |
| | C) | uniform |
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| 12 | |
Only abiotic factors can be limiting factors. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 13 | |
When ecologists study the abiotic components of the environment they are studying _____. |
| | A) | all organisms |
| | B) | all predators |
| | C) | soil, water, and weather |
| | D) | all organisms, soil, water, and weather |
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| 14 | |
Angiosperms which produce fruits that increase the dispersal of seeds would be expected to show the same pattern of distribution that the cedar trees do. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 15 | |
All the various species interacting in a location make up a(n) _____. |
| | A) | population |
| | B) | community |
| | C) | ecosystem |
| | D) | biosphere |
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| 16 | |
Ecology and _____ are closely intertwined because ecological interactions act as selective agents. |
| | A) | bioengineering |
| | B) | taxonomy |
| | C) | evolution |
| | D) | pathology |
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| 17 | |
The distribution of the population in the United States would be best described as _____. |
| | A) | random |
| | B) | uniform |
| | C) | clumped |
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| 18 | |
To determine the intrinsic rate of natural increase it is necessary to consider _____. |
| | A) | the rate of immigration |
| | B) | the birth rate |
| | C) | the death rate |
| | D) | both B and C |
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| 19 | |
Populations increase in size when _____. |
| | A) | the birth rate exceeds the death rate |
| | B) | emigration exceeds immigration |
| | C) | mortality exceeds natality |
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| 20 | |
If a group of organisms numbers 200 and over the course of a year 18 births and 6 deaths occur, then the intrinsic rate of natural increase for this group of organisms is _____. |
| | A) | 0.03 |
| | B) | 0.06 |
| | C) | 0.09 |
| | D) | 0.12 |
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| 21 | |
When members of a population experience many reproductive events throughout their lifetime the population has a _____ pattern of growth. |
| | A) | discrete |
| | B) | continuous |
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| 22 | |
Which of the following is an example of a species that would experience a discrete pattern of population growth? |
| | A) | maple trees |
| | B) | deer |
| | C) | butterflies |
| | D) | humans |
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| 23 | |
Organisms that have only a single reproductive event in their lifetime _____. |
| | A) | produce offspring that survive dryness and/or cold |
| | B) | expend all their energy in reproduction and then die |
| | C) | are members of populations that have discrete patterns of growth |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 24 | |
A population will experience its biotic potential when _____. |
| | A) | resources are limited |
| | B) | there is plenty of room for each member of the population |
| | C) | the members harbor a parasite |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 25 | |
A population can continue to grow exponentially forever. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 26 | |
Growth is slow during the lag phase because the population is small. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 27 | |
Populations are prevented from reaching their biotic potential by _____. |
| | A) | a limited supply of food |
| | B) | an accumulation of waste products |
| | C) | predation |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 28 | |
Only logistic growth curves have a lag phase. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 29 | |
An S shaped curve is characteristic of a _____ growth curve. |
| | A) | logistic |
| | B) | exponential |
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| 30 | |
During the stable equilibrium phase of a logistic growth curve _____. |
| | A) | growth is slow |
| | B) | growth is accelerating |
| | C) | there is little if any growth |
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| 31 | |
The maximum number of individuals of a given species that can be supported by a given area on a sustained basis is known as _____. |
| | A) | biotic potential |
| | B) | carrying capacity |
| | C) | exponential growth |
| | D) | environmental resistance |
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| 32 | |
Non-native species like kudzu, zebra mussels, and nutria experience _____ outside their native area due to a lack of natural predators and their ability to compete more successfully than native species for resources. |
| | A) | environmental resistance |
| | B) | extinction |
| | C) | resource partitioning |
| | D) | exponential growth |
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| 33 | |
An environment is capable of sustaining a population of limited size. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 34 | |
A limiting factor like _____ may prevent a population from thriving in a particular habitat. |
| | A) | temperature |
| | B) | food supply |
| | C) | altitude |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 35 | |
The biotic potential of a population is displayed during the _____ phase of a logistic growth curve. |
| | A) | lag |
| | B) | exponential growth |
| | C) | deceleration |
| | D) | stable equilibrium |
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| 36 | |
The deceleration and stable equilibrium phases of a logistic growth curve are the result of _____. |
| | A) | biotic potential |
| | B) | environmental resistance |
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| 37 | |
Once a population reaches its carrying capacity its size remains stable. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 38 | |
A population in which most of the organisms survive well past the midpoint and die near the very end of the life span have a _____ survivorship curve. |
| | A) | Type I |
| | B) | Type II |
| | C) | Type III |
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| 39 | |
Most of the members of a population with a Type III survivorship curve contribute offspring to the next generation. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 40 | |
Which of the following populations would have a Type III survivorship curve typical of populations in which most individuals die very young? |
| | A) | elephants |
| | B) | wolves |
| | C) | horses |
| | D) | sea turtles |
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| 41 | |
A urn-shaped age structure diagram is characteristic of a population in which the _____ group of organisms is the largest. |
| | A) | prereproductive |
| | B) | reproductive |
| | C) | postreproductive |
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| 42 | |
The type-II survivorship curve results when organisms die at a constant rate through time. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 43 | |
If the birthrate is high and population is undergoing exponential growth the age structure diagram is bell-shaped. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 44 | |
The carrying capacity of a population corresponds to the _____ phase of the logistic growth curve. |
| | A) | lag |
| | B) | exponential growth |
| | C) | deceleration |
| | D) | stable equilibrium |
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| 45 | |
Which of the following will limit a population's growth? |
| | A) | parasitism |
| | B) | plenty of room for each organism |
| | C) | unlimited resources |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 46 | |
The ability of many populations to reproduce far exceeds the number necessary to replace the organisms that die. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 47 | |
Humans, especially those in more-developed countries, would have a _____ survivorship curve. |
| | A) | Type I |
| | B) | Type II |
| | C) | Type III |
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| 48 | |
If the death rate exceeds the birth rate the _____ will become smaller than the reproductive group. |
| | A) | prereproductive |
| | B) | postreproductive |
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| 49 | |
When the _____ group is the largest of the three groups the birthrate is higher than the death rate. |
| | A) | prereproductive |
| | B) | reproductive |
| | C) | postreproductive |
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| 50 | |
All natural populations perfectly fit one of the three survivorship curves. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 51 | |
The fact that predation increases as population size of prey increases is a(n) ______ factor. |
| | A) | density-dependent |
| | B) | density-independent |
| | C) | abiotic |
| | D) | both A and C |
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| 52 | |
Which of the following is an intrinsic factor that affects population size and growth rate? |
| | A) | availability of food |
| | B) | weather conditions |
| | C) | the presence of parasites |
| | D) | territoriality |
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| 53 | |
An accidental fire or drought are examples of _____ factors that affect population size and growth rate. |
| | A) | extrinsic |
| | B) | density independent |
| | C) | abiotic |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 54 | |
A population crash can occur after exponential growth causes population size to exceed the carrying capacity of the environment. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 55 | |
Predation decreases when the prey population gets denser faster. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 56 | |
Population size and growth rates can be influenced by intrinsic factors such as _____. |
| | A) | dominance hierarchies |
| | B) | emigration |
| | C) | territoriality |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 57 | |
Which of the following is a density-dependent factor that regulates population size? |
| | A) | competition |
| | B) | drought |
| | C) | accidental fire |
| | D) | earthquake |
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| 58 | |
Species which grow exponentially for several seasons undergo a sharp decline when resources are depleted. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 59 | |
An example of a K-strategist is a _____. |
| | A) | fern |
| | B) | cod |
| | C) | bear |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 60 | |
Although angiosperms produce lots of offspring they are considered _____ because the seeds protect and nourish the next sporophyte generation. |
| | A) | K-strategist |
| | B) | r-strategist |
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| 61 | |
Which of the following correctly describes an r-strategist? |
| | A) | long life span |
| | B) | slow to mature |
| | C) | little or no care of offspring |
| | D) | large individuals |
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| 62 | |
Opportunistic species _____. |
| | A) | are exemplified by many insects and annual plants |
| | B) | produce many offspring |
| | C) | display low population densities |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 63 | |
K-strategists _____. |
| | A) | provide little or no care for their offspring |
| | B) | require large ranges |
| | C) | easily colonize new habitats |
| | D) | adapt easily when their normal way of life is destroyed |
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| 64 | |
In which countries are populations expanding the most rapidly? |
| | A) | less-developed countries |
| | B) | more-developed countries |
| | C) | both have the same rate of expansion |
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| 65 | |
The current world population of humans is _____ billion. |
| | A) | one |
| | B) | three |
| | C) | six |
| | D) | nine |
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| 66 | |
Some of the more-developed countries are actually decreasing in size. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 67 | |
Less-developed countries, which are expanding rapidly, would have a(n) _____ age structure diagram. |
| | A) | pyramid-shaped |
| | B) | bell-shaped |
| | C) | urn-shaped |
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| 68 | |
The human population has a _____ pattern of growth. |
| | A) | logistic |
| | B) | exponential |
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| 69 | |
If each couple has two children zero population growth will take place immediately. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 70 | |
Less-developed countries are expanding rapidly because they have more women entering the reproductive years than there are older women leaving them. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 71 | |
Which of the following will greatly reduced the expected increase in the human population? |
| | A) | raising the status of women |
| | B) | reducing child mortality |
| | C) | wider spacing of births |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 72 | |
Environmental impact is measured in terms of _____. |
| | A) | population size |
| | B) | resource consumption |
| | C) | waste production |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 73 | |
The human population has a _____ growth curve. |
| | A) | J-shaped |
| | B) | S-shaped |
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| 74 | |
The doubling time of the human population has decreased considerably since the 1800s. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 75 | |
Less-developed countries consume the majority of the earth's resources and create most of the earth's pollution. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 76 | |
In which of the following areas would the human population have an urn-shaped age structure diagram? |
| | A) | Asia |
| | B) | Europe |
| | C) | Africa |
| | D) | South America |
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