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| 1 | |
The diversity of a community is a function of _____. |
| | A) | the number of species in the community |
| | B) | the relative abundance of the individuals of different species |
| | C) | both A and B |
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| 2 | |
Communities closer to the equator are richer (more diverse) than those farther away from the equator. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 3 | |
A community is _____. |
| | A) | all members of one species in a particular location |
| | B) | all autotrophs within the same environment |
| | C) | a collection of different species that interact with each other in a specific location |
| | D) | all the abiotic features of an environment |
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| 4 | |
The interactive model of community structure suggests that homeostatic mechanisms maintain the stability of communities. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 5 | |
According to the interactive model proposed Clements, the highest level of organization is a(n) _____. |
| | A) | organism |
| | B) | population |
| | C) | tissue |
| | D) | community |
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| 6 | |
Community composition is dependent on _____. |
| | A) | climate |
| | B) | the supply of inorganic nutrients |
| | C) | the amount of available space |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 7 | |
The _____ model predicts that species will have independent distributions and that community boundaries will not be distinct. |
| | A) | individualistic |
| | B) | interactive |
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| 8 | |
An equilibrium in species diversity develops when _____. |
| | A) | there are a large number of patches |
| | B) | immigration and extinction rates are equal |
| | C) | an island is close to the mainland |
| | D) | a big island is surrounded by many small islands |
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| 9 | |
The theory of island biogeography is applicable to conservation efforts because the larger a conserved area is the better chance there is of preserving more species. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 10 | |
A tropical rainforest supports more species than a coniferous forest because of its stratified canopy. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 11 | |
Which of the following statements about islands is true? |
| | A) | the size of the island does not affect the number of species found on it |
| | B) | a large island has greater extinction rate than a small island |
| | C) | an island close to the mainland will experience more immigration than an island far away |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 12 | |
The equilibrium point between the rate of species immigration and the rate of species extinction is highest for a small island that is far away from the mainland. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 13 | |
Which of the following is a type of interaction seen in a community? |
| | A) | competition |
| | B) | predator-prey |
| | C) | parasitism |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 14 | |
A description of an organisms ecological niche includes _____. |
| | A) | where it lives |
| | B) | its role in the community |
| | C) | its interactions with other species |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 15 | |
An organism's niche is affected only by abiotic factors like climate and habitat. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 16 | |
Which is narrower? |
| | A) | fundamental niche of an organism |
| | B) | realized niche of an organism |
| | C) | habitat of an organism |
| | D) | all are the same |
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| 17 | |
An organism's _____ niche is the set of conditions under which the organism exists in nature. |
| | A) | fundamental |
| | B) | realized |
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| 18 | |
When two species have a mutualistic relationship _____. |
| | A) | they are both positively influenced |
| | B) | they are both negatively influenced |
| | C) | one is positively influenced and the other is negatively influenced |
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| 19 | |
Resource partitioning _____. |
| | A) | can result in character displacement |
| | B) | allows different species to coexist in the same habitat |
| | C) | reduces competition |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 20 | |
When two similar species end up living together in a dynamic equilibrium it is usually through _____. |
| | A) | competitive exclusion |
| | B) | character displacement |
| | C) | resource partitioning |
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| 21 | |
The occupation of narrower niches is called _____. |
| | A) | character displacement |
| | B) | competition |
| | C) | environmental resistance |
| | D) | resource partitioning |
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| 22 | |
The competitive exclusion principle says _____. |
| | A) | no two species can occupy the exact same ecological niche at the same time |
| | B) | the introduction of a non-native species will adversely affect the native species |
| | C) | populations will stabilize at carrying capacity |
| | D) | there must be more producers than consumers |
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| 23 | |
The divergence in beak size when the three populations of finches lived on one island together illustrates _____. |
| | A) | character displacement |
| | B) | mutualism |
| | C) | ongoing interspecific competition |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 24 | |
If niche partitioning did not occur and two species were trying to occupy the same niche we'd expect one species to become extinct. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 25 | |
Interspecific competition _____. |
| | A) | occurs between members of a population |
| | B) | occurs all the time |
| | C) | occurs when members of different species compete for limited resources |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 26 | |
Five different species of warblers are able to feed in the spruce canopy because _____. |
| | A) | they used different parts of the tree canopy |
| | B) | they are different sizes |
| | C) | they eat different kinds of food |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 27 | |
Chthamalus stellatus, a small barnacle _____. |
| | A) | competes with a large barnacle species for rock space |
| | B) | grows on the entire rock if the large barnacle species is absent |
| | C) | has an advantage in the upper intertidal zone because it is more resistant to drying |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 28 | |
When one living organism feeds on another the organism serving as the food source is called the _____. |
| | A) | prey |
| | B) | predator |
| | C) | consumer |
| | D) | host |
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| 29 | |
Which have a mutualistic relationship? |
| | A) | mycorrhizae and plant roots |
| | B) | flowers and pollinators |
| | C) | both A and B |
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| 30 | |
Which of the following is an example of a predaceous consumer? |
| | A) | a cow feeding on some grass |
| | B) | a tapeworm feeding on a dog |
| | C) | a wolf feeding on an elk |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 31 | |
Complex cycles of organisms occur because of interactions between _____. |
| | A) | predator and prey |
| | B) | prey and its food source |
| | C) | both A and B |
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| 32 | |
When the population density of prey increases _____. |
| | A) | the population density of the predators immediately increases |
| | B) | the predator numbers exceed those of the prey |
| | C) | predators are more likely to encounter the prey |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 33 | |
Which of the following is an anti-predator defense? |
| | A) | cactus spines |
| | B) | camouflage |
| | C) | mimicry |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 34 | |
Which can be a parasite? |
| | A) | bacteria |
| | B) | plants |
| | C) | animals |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 35 | |
A disadvantage to the use of camouflage to avoid detection is that the organism must stay very still. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 36 | |
Moths with eyelike spots on their underwings that they can flash at predatory birds escape predation by startling the birds long enough to escape. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 37 | |
Poisonous animals use _____ to prevent attack in the first place. |
| | A) | camouflage |
| | B) | warning coloration |
| | C) | flocking together |
| | D) | mimicry |
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| 38 | |
Camouflage can be used by _____. |
| | A) | prey to escape predation |
| | B) | predators to escape detection by prey |
| | C) | both A and B |
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| 39 | |
Mimicry works better when the model's behavioral characteristics are mimicked also. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 40 | |
Bees, wasps and hornets that all have black and yellow color bands are considered _____ mimics. |
| | A) | Batesian |
| | B) | Muellerian |
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| 41 | |
When one species resembles another that possesses an overt antipredator defense _____ is the defense being used. |
| | A) | mimicry |
| | B) | warning coloration |
| | C) | camouflage |
| | D) | startle coloration |
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| 42 | |
Besides avoiding predation, an advantage to Batesian mimicry is that the mimic doesn't have to spend energy to make the model's antipredator defense. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 43 | |
Which of the following is an example of a Batesian mimic? |
| | A) | a nonpoisonous king snake which resembles a poisonous coral snake |
| | B) | the black and yellow color bands displayed by bees, wasps and hornets |
| | C) | the South American lantern fly's large false head which resembles that of an alligator |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 44 | |
Parasites occur in all kingdoms of living things. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 45 | |
Parasites get _____ from their host. |
| | A) | a means by which offspring can be spread to new hosts |
| | B) | a place to reproduce |
| | C) | nourishment |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 46 | |
Parasites are a good illustration of the concept structure supports function because _____. |
| | A) | they have complete digestive tracts |
| | B) | they don't always kill their host |
| | C) | they might cycle between primary and secondary host |
| | D) | they have organs or appendages for attaching to the host |
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| 47 | |
Lyme disease is a bacterial disease which is spread by deer ticks. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 48 | |
Parasites are able to get nourishment from any species they encounter. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 49 | |
If a sea anemone derives no benefit from a clownfish hiding from its predators within the anemone's tentacles, then their relationship is classified as _____. |
| | A) | parasitism |
| | B) | commensalism |
| | C) | mutualism |
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| 50 | |
The characteristics of organisms involved in symbiotic relationships have developed _____. |
| | A) | by chance |
| | B) | through coevolution |
| | C) | by character displacement |
| | D) | through resource partitioning |
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| 51 | |
Increased population density increases the incidence of parasitism. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 52 | |
Coevolution occurs only between predators and their prey. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 53 | |
Parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism are all types of _____. |
| | A) | symbiosis |
| | B) | prey defense mechanisms |
| | C) | succession |
| | D) | evolution |
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| 54 | |
The ants which live in nodes of the acacia tree protect it from predators and it turn receive ant larvae food which the tree produces just for them. The relationship between the ants and the acacia is _____. |
| | A) | parasitism |
| | B) | commensalism |
| | C) | mutualism |
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| 55 | |
Mutualism involves organism from all kingdoms of living things. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 56 | |
Mutualistic relationships must equally benefit both species involved. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 57 | |
Vitamin K producing bacteria that live in humans' intestines have a _____ relationship with humans. |
| | A) | parasitic |
| | B) | commensalistic |
| | C) | mutualistic |
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| 58 | |
Cleaning symbiosis is clearly an example of mutualism. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 59 | |
The interactions between predators and prey result in _____. |
| | A) | character displacement |
| | B) | random distribution |
| | C) | intraspecific competition |
| | D) | coevolution |
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| 60 | |
The organism most often being cleaned in cleaning symbiosis is a _____. |
| | A) | crustacean |
| | B) | vertebrate |
| | C) | mollusk |
| | D) | echinoderm |
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| 61 | |
Ecological succession can begin with annual plants in one location and tall trees in another, similar location. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 62 | |
Secondary succession begins in an area that has previously supported life but has suffered some disturbance. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 63 | |
The appearance of lichens and moss where there were previously no living things is a indication of the start of _____. |
| | A) | intraspecific competition |
| | B) | environmental resistance |
| | C) | primary succession |
| | D) | resource partitioning |
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| 64 | |
Which would be expected to appear first during secondary succession? |
| | A) | mature tall trees |
| | B) | low shrubs |
| | C) | a mix of shrubs and trees |
| | D) | grass |
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| 65 | |
An abandoned farm would experience _____ succession. |
| | A) | primary |
| | B) | secondary |
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| 66 | |
According to the _____ model, the sequence of grass, shrub, trees development during succession reflects the length of time it takes species to mature. |
| | A) | facilitation |
| | B) | inhibition |
| | C) | tolerance |
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| 67 | |
Which type of succession occurs over longer period of time? |
| | A) | primary |
| | B) | secondary |
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| 68 | |
Each successive community prepares the way for the next according to the _____ model of succession. |
| | A) | facilitation |
| | B) | inhibition |
| | C) | tolerance |
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| 69 | |
The number of species, kinds of species and size of populations remains constant over long periods of time in most communities. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 70 | |
Predators that regulate competition and maintain diversity within a community are referred to as _________ predators. |
| | A) | equilibrium |
| | B) | patchy |
| | C) | keystone |
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| 71 | |
Community stability is recognized by _____. |
| | A) | persistence through time |
| | B) | resistance to change |
| | C) | recovery once a disturbance has occurred |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 72 | |
Which of the following is an example of a keystone predator? |
| | A) | an African elephant |
| | B) | an Acacia tree |
| | C) | a clownfish |
| | D) | a cuckoo |
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| 73 | |
A disturbance in a community will occur when _____. |
| | A) | exotic species are introduced |
| | B) | keystone predators are eliminated |
| | C) | a fire breaks out |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 74 | |
When a keystone predator is removed from its community the diversity of the community _____. |
| | A) | increases |
| | B) | decreases |
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| 75 | |
Very large preserves are needed to conserve K-strategists. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 76 | |
A community may not return to its original state after a really great disturbance. |
| | A) | True |
| | B) | False |
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| 77 | |
Community diversity is greatest when disturbances are _____ in frequency and size. |
| | A) | high |
| | B) | intermediate |
| | C) | low |
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| 78 | |
Frequent and widespread disturbances favor species that are _____. |
| | A) | r-strategists |
| | B) | K-strategists |
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| 79 | |
Disturbance by _____ will result in increased species diversity. |
| | A) | wind |
| | B) | flooding |
| | C) | fire |
| | D) | all of the above |
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