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Learning Objectives
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Concepts and Skills to Review

  • period, frequency, angular frequency (Section 10.6)
  • position, velocity, acceleration, and energy in simple harmonic motion (Section 10.5)
  • resonance (Section 10.10)
  • graphical analysis of SHM (Section 10.7)
Mastering the Concepts

  • An isotropic source radiates sound uniformly in all directions. Assuming that no energy is absorbed by the medium and there are no obstacles to reflect or absorb sound, the intensity I at a distance r from an isotropic source is
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  • In a transverse wave, the motion of particles in the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. In a longitudinal wave, the motion of particles in the medium is along the same line as the direction of propagation of the wave.
  • The speed of a mechanical wave depends on properties of the wave medium. More restoring force makes faster waves; more inertia makes slower waves.
  • The speed of a transverse wave on a string is
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  • A periodic wave repeats the same pattern over and over. Harmonic waves are a special kind of periodic wave characterized by a sinusoidal function (either a sine or cosine function).
  • If a periodic wave has period T and travels at speed u, the repetition distance of the wave is the wavelength:
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  • The principle of superposition: When two or more waves overlap, the net disturbance at any point is the sum of the individual disturbances due to each wave.
  • A harmonic traveling wave can be described by
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    The argument of the sinusoidal function, wt +/- kx, is called the phase of the wave at x and t. The constant k is the wave number
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  • Reflection occurs at a boundary between different wave media. Some energy may be transmitted into the new medium and the rest is reflected. The wave transmitted past the boundary is refracted (propagates in a different direction).
  • Coherent waves have the same frequency and maintain a fixed phase relationship with one another. Coherent waves that are in phase with one another interfere constructively; those that are 180° out of phase interfere destructively.
  • Diffraction occurs when a wave bends around an obstacle in its path.
  • In a standing wave on a string, every point moves in SHM with the same frequency. Nodes are points of zero amplitude; antinodes are points of maximum amplitude. The distance between two adjacent nodes is <a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=jpg::::/sites/dl/free/0073512141/663819/ch11_6.JPG','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (0.0K)</a>







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