Newton's second law: force and acceleration (Sections 3.3–3.4)
components of vectors (Section 2.4)
circular orbits (Section 5.4)
area under a graph (Sections 3.2 and 3.3)
Mastering the Concepts
Conservation law: a physical law phrased in terms of a quantity that does not change with time.
The law of conservation of energy: the total energy of the universe is unchanged by any physical process.
Work is an energy transfer due to the application of a force. The work done by a constant force <a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=jpg::::/sites/dl/free/0073512141/663814/ch6_1.JPG','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (0.0K)</a> acting on an object during a displacement <a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=jpg::::/sites/dl/free/0073512141/663814/ch6_2.JPG','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (0.0K)</a> is
When several forces act on an object, the total work is the sum of the work done by each force individually.
Translational kinetic energy is the energy associated with motion of the object as a whole. The translational kinetic energy of an object of mass m moving with speed v is
where we assign U = 0 to infinite separation (r = ∞).
There is no special significance to the sign of the potential energy. What matters is the sign of the potential energy change. Only changes in potential energy enter
our calculations.
The work done by a variable force directed along the x -axis during a displacement Δ x is the area under the Fx(x) graph from xi to xf.
Hooke's law: for many objects, the deformation is proportional to the magnitude of the force that causes the deformation. An ideal spring is massless and follows Hooke's law. The force exerted by the moveable end of an ideal spring when it is at position x is
Mechanical energy is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies. The change in potential energy accounts for the work done by the forces associated with the potential energy. The work done by nonconservative forces is equal to the change in the mechanical
energy:
The instantaneous rate at which a force <a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=jpg::::/sites/dl/free/0073512141/663814/ch6_1.JPG','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (0.0K)</a> does work
when the object it acts on moves with velocity <a onClick="window.open('/olcweb/cgi/pluginpop.cgi?it=jpg::::/sites/dl/free/0073512141/663814/ch6_14.JPG','popWin', 'width=NaN,height=NaN,resizable,scrollbars');" href="#"><img valign="absmiddle" height="16" width="16" border="0" src="/olcweb/styles/shared/linkicons/image.gif"> (0.0K)</a> is
