| aerial perspective | the means of representing distance that relies on the imitation of the ways atmosphere affects the eye—outlines are blurred, details lost, contrasts of light and shade diminished, hues bluer, and colors less vivid; also called "atmospheric perspective"
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| ars nova | (Latin, "new art") a term used for the music of fourteenth-century Europe to distinguish it from that of the old art (ars antique); it featured new rhythms, new harmonies, and more complicated methods of musical notation
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| ballade | a secular song that tells a story in simple verse, usually repeating the same music for each stanza
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| chiaroscuro | (Italian, "light-dark") in drawing and painting, the technique of modeling form in gradations of light and shade to produce the illusion of three-dimensionality
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| clavichord | (French, clavier, meaning "keyboard") a stringed keyboard instrument widely used between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries; when the player presses down on a key, a brass tangent or blade rises and strikes a string
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| condottiere | (plural condottieri) a professional soldier; a mercenary who typically served the Renaissance city-state
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| drum | in architecture, the cylindrical section immediately beneath the dome of a building
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| feminism | the doctrine advocating equal social, political, and economic rights for women
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| harpsichord | a stringed keyboard instrument widely used between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries; when the player presses down on a key, a quill, called a plectrum, plucks the string
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| imitation | in music, a technique whereby a melodic fragment introduced in the first voice of a composition is repeated closely (although usually at a different pitch) in the second, third, and fourth voices, so that one voice overlaps the next; the repetition may be exactly the same as the original, or it may differ somewhat
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| indulgence | a Church pardon from the temporal penalties for sins; the remission of purgatorial punishment
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| isorhythm | the close repetition of identical rhythmic patterns in different sections of a musical composition
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| lantern | in architecture, a small windowed tower on top of a roof or dome that allows light to enter the interior of a building
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| linear (or one-point) perspective | a method of creating the semblance of three-dimensional space on a two-dimensional surface; it derives from two optical illusions: (1) parallel lines appear to converge as they recede toward a vanishing point on a horizon level with the viewer's eye, and (2) objects appear to shrink and move closer together as they recede from view; also called "one-point perspective" or "optical perspective"
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| madrigal | a vernacular song, usually composed for three to six unaccompanied voices
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| picture plane | the two-dimensional surface of a panel or canvas
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| pilaster | a shallow, flattened, rectangular column or pier attached to a wall surface
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| simony | the buying or selling of Church office or preferment
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| sonnet | a fourteen-line lyric poem with a fixed scheme of rhyming
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| word painting | the manipulation of music to convey a specific object, thought, or mood—that is, the content of the text
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