| achievement motivation | The unconscious concern for achieving excellence in accomplishments through one's individual efforts.
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| achievement-oriented leadership | Occurs when a leader sets high goals for subordinates, has high expectations for their performance, and displays confidence in subordinates, encouraging and helping them to take on greater responsibilities.
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| charisma | The ability of some people to charm or influence others.
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| directive leadership | Occurs when leaders tells subordinates exactly what they are supposed to do, giving them goals, specific tasks, guidelines for performing those tasks, and the like.
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| effective leadership | The ability of a leader to get high performance from his or her subordinates.
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| emotional intelligence | The ability to monitor one's own and other's feelings and emotions, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions.
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| leader–member relations | How well followers respect, trust, and like their leaders.
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| leadership | The process of motivating, influencing, and directing others in the organization to work productively in pursuit of organization goals.
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| leadership substitutes | Contingencies that may act as substitutes for a leadership style.
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| participative leadership | A leadership style in which the leader consults with his or her subordinates, asking for their opinions before making a decision.
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| people-oriented behavior | A leadership style that includes showing mutual trust and respect for subordinates, demonstrating genuine concern for their needs, and having a desire to look out for their welfare.
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| position power | The power that derives from formal hierarchical power over subordinates, including the legitimate power to hire, fire, reward, and punish subordinates.
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| power motivation | The unconscious drive to acquire status and power and to have an impact on others.
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| strategic thinking | The cognitive ability to analyze a complex situation, abstract from it, and draw conclusions about the best strategy for the firm to follow.
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| supportive leadership | A leadership style in which the leader is approachable and friendly, shows concern for the welfare of subordinates, and treats them as equals.
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| task-oriented behavior | The style of leaders who assign employees to specific tasks, clarify their work duties and procedures, ensure that they follow company rules, and push them to reach their performance capacity.
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| task structure | The degree to which the jobs of subordinates are highly structured with clear work responsibilities, well-defined tasks, explicit goals, and specific procedures.
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| transactional leader | A leader who helps an organization achieve its current objectives.
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| transformational leader | A leader who is an agent of strategic and organizational change.
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