backward vertical integration | Arrangement in which facilities are established to manufacture inputs used in the production of a firm's final products
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bottleneck | Operation in a manufacturing system whose output sets the limit for the entire system's output
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intermediate technology | Production methods between capital- and labor-intensive methods
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just-in-time (JIT) | A balanced system in which there is little or no delay time and idle in-process and finished goods inventory
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manufacturing rationalization | Division of production among a number of production units, thus enabling each to produce only a limited number of components for all of a firm's assembly plants
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mass customization | The use of flexible, usually computer-aided, manufacturing systems to produce and deliver customized products and services for different customers worldwide
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offshoring | Relocating some or all of a business's activities or processes to a foreign location
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outsourcing | Hiring others to perform some of the noncore activities and decision making in a company's value chain, rather than having the company and its employees continue to perform those activities
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preventive (planned) maintenance | Maintenance done according to plan, not when machines break down
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quality circle (quality control circle) | Small work group that meets periodically to discuss ways to improve its functional areas and the quality of the product
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Six Sigma | Business management process for reducing defects and eliminating variation
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standards | Documented agreements containing technical specifications or other precise criteria that will be used consistently as guidelines, rules, or definitions of the characteristics of a product, process, or service
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supply chain management | The process of coordinating and integrating the flow of materials, information, finances, and services within and among companies in the value chain from suppliers to the ultimate consumer
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synchronous manufacturing | An entire manufacturing system with unbalanced operations that emphasizes total system performance
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Taylor's scientific management system | System based on scientific measurements that prescribes a division of work whereby planning is done by managers and plan execution is left to supervisors and workers
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total quality management (TQM) | System in which the entire organization is managed so that it excels on all dimensions of product and services that are important to the customer
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