 |
| 1 | |
According to your textbook, clinicians may continue to place confidence in uninformative or ambiguous tests because of human susceptibility to |
| | A) | the representativeness heuristic. |
| | B) | the inoculation effect. |
| | C) | learned helplessness. |
| | D) | illusory correlation. |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
In their study of how clinicians reacted to them as pseudopatients, Rosenhan and his colleagues demonstrated the presence of ___________________________ in mental health professionals. |
| | A) | hindsight bias |
| | B) | a Barnum effect |
| | C) | cognitive dissonance |
| | D) | the inoculation effect |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
Professor Yum asks students to draw a picture of their favorite meal during the first session of nutrition class every term. She is convinced that these pictures predict who will do well in class. Indeed, students who do not draw vegetables as part of their favorite meal do end up getting lower grades in Professor Yum's class than those who draw vegetables. Professor Yum's is affected by |
| | A) | over reliance on statistical prediction. |
| | B) | self-confirming diagnosis. |
| | C) | false uniqueness. |
| | D) | all of these. |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
From the material presented in the textbook, which of the following is an accurate statement? |
| | A) | Clinical psychologists are more susceptible to illusory thinking than are social workers. |
| | B) | Projective tests actually give more useful information than do objective tests. |
| | C) | People who come for therapy want to hear negative things about themselves. |
| | D) | Behaviors of people undergoing psychotherapy come to fit the theories of their therapists. |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
Research evidence suggests that professional clinicians are |
| | A) | frequently the victims of illusory correlation. |
| | B) | too readily convinced of their own after-the-fact analysis. |
| | C) | at risk of failing to appreciate how erroneous diagnoses can be self-confirming. |
| | D) | all of these. |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
The faculty at Large State University are evaluating the methods they use to predict which applicants will be successful in graduate school. According to research in the textbook, they will find that |
| | A) | the predictions of interviewers, provided they are well-trained and experienced, are superior to statistical predictors such as prior grade point average and aptitude test scores. |
| | B) | letters of recommendation are superior to any other predictor. |
| | C) | statistical predictors based on prior grade point and aptitude test scores are superior to those of graduate admissions interviewers. |
| | D) | extracurricular activities which involve field work in the chosen area of study prove to be the best predictors. |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
According to the textbook, the pervasiveness of illusory thinking points to the need for a ___________________________ study of thought and behavior. |
| | A) | psychohistorical |
| | B) | literary |
| | C) | scientific |
| | D) | humanistic |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
Gayle, a Freudian analyst, finds that without exception, her patients report dreams closely related to their emotional problems and that are easily understood in terms of Freud's theory of personality. From research presented in the text, what may best explain why the dreams and problems of Gayle's patients are so consistent with Freudian theory? |
| | A) | Freud's theory is the oldest and most comprehensive of all the theories of personality. |
| | B) | Freud's theory is more ambiguous than any other theory, and thus any problem fits into its framework. |
| | C) | The patients are perhaps induced to give information that is consistent with Gayle's theoretical orientation. |
| | D) | Freudian psychotherapists are "true believer,s" and Gayle's report is an attempt to convert other therapists to her orientation. |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
The tendency to search for information that will verify one's preconceptions is referred to as |
| | A) | hindsight bias. |
| | B) | illusory correlation. |
| | C) | illusion of control. |
| | D) | confirmation bias. |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
Research indicates that clinicians who believe that suspicious people draw peculiar eyes on the Draw-a-Person test |
| | A) | perceive such a relationship even when shown cases in which suspicious people draw peculiar eyes less often than nonsuspicious people. |
| | B) | perceive such a relationship in ambiguous, but not in contrary, data. |
| | C) | readily change that belief when presented with contrary data. |
| | D) | generally are more pessimistic about the effectiveness of therapy with paranoid people. |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
According to the textbook, what is the role of intuition in science? |
| | A) | Science always involves an interplay between intuition and rigorous testing. |
| | B) | Intuition has no legitimate role in science. |
| | C) | Intuition should be the primary basis for evaluating scientific claims. |
| | D) | Intuition plays an important role in the natural sciences but not in the social sciences. |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
Snyder and Swann found that people often test whether another person possesses a trait such as extroversion by looking for |
| | A) | information that will confirm the trait. |
| | B) | information that will disconfirm the trait. |
| | C) | evidence of other traits indirectly related to extroversion. |
| | D) | evidence of extroversion in the person's close relatives. |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
Kerry's friends have told him that his new roommate, Edward, is very studious. When they first meet, Kerry asks Edward lots of questions about studying and what kinds of schoolwork he likes. Which of the following is likely after that first meeting? |
| | A) | Kerry will agree with his friends that Edward is studious. |
| | B) | Edward will think of himself as more studious than he did before. |
| | C) | Edward will study even more this year than he did last year. |
| | D) | All of these are highly likely outcomes. |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
Because clinicians are "vulnerable to insidious errors and biases," they should |
| | A) | rely on their notes more than their memories. |
| | B) | consider and test ideas opposed to their preconceptions. |
| | C) | avoid consider what they say valid just because clients agree with it. |
| | D) | all of these. |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
Research on illusory thinking should remind research psychologists to |
| | A) | trust their intuitions. |
| | B) | test their preconceptions. |
| | C) | look for confirmation of their hunches. |
| | D) | rely on participants' self-reports, particularly when the reports their hypotheses. |
|
|
.