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| 1 | |
Solomon Asch's studies of conformity seem to have been inspired by a story he tells about being susceptible to suggestion while participating in |
| | A) | an important university committee meeting. |
| | B) | a party in high school. |
| | C) | a traditional Jewish seder at Passover. |
| | D) | a demonstration of hypnosis in graduate school. |
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| 2 | |
What percentage of the participants in Asch's study of perceptual judgment involving the length of lines conformed to the false judgments of the confederates? |
| | A) | almost none - 2% |
| | B) | just over one-third - 37% |
| | C) | most of them - 78% |
| | D) | all of them |
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| 3 | |
In Asch's study, individuals conformed to the group's judgment |
| | A) | only when the group was composed of all male members. |
| | B) | only when the experimenter was present. |
| | C) | even when the group judgment was clearly incorrect. |
| | D) | only when the correct judgment was unclear. |
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| 4 | |
The experimenter in Milgram's study used all but which of the following verbal prods to encourage participants to continue? |
| | A) | "The experiment requires that you continue." |
| | B) | "It is absolutely essential that you continue." |
| | C) | "You have no other choice; you must go on." |
| | D) | "You will not get paid, if you do not continue." |
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| 5 | |
The participants Milgram's obedience experiments were more likely to obey the experimenter's commands when the experimenter was _____________________ and the victim was _________________________. |
| | A) | close; distant |
| | B) | close; close |
| | C) | distant; distant |
| | D) | distant; close |
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| 6 | |
When the study of obedience was moved from Yale University to Bridgeport, Connecticut, the number of people who complied |
| | A) | decreased slightly. |
| | B) | decreased to almost zero. |
| | C) | increased slightly |
| | D) | increased to almost all. |
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| 7 | |
When Milgram's students asked riders on the New York City subway system for their seats, they found that |
| | A) | visitors to New York, but not residents of the city, complied. |
| | B) | most complied if a reasonable justification for the request was given. |
| | C) | most complied, even when no justification was given. |
| | D) | male, but not female, riders complied. |
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| 8 | |
A psychiatrist who interviewed participants in Milgram's obedience study a year after their participation concluded that |
| | A) | none had been harmed. |
| | B) | many were suspicious of all authorities. |
| | C) | a minority had lowered self-esteem. |
| | D) | most regretted having served in Milgram's study. |
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| 9 | |
When hospital nurses were called by an unknown physician and ordered to administer an obvious overdose of a drug, |
| | A) | the majority of nurses did not comply and reported the incident to their supervisor. |
| | B) | the inexperienced nurses complied, while the more experienced challenged the order. |
| | C) | most indicated to the physician that he would have to come in to sign the order before they could comply. |
| | D) | all but one proceeded to comply without delay. |
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| 10 | |
Conformity studies illustrate all of these social-psychological principles EXCEPT |
| | A) | behavior shapes attitudes. |
| | B) | the fundamental attribution error. |
| | C) | the inoculation effect. |
| | D) | the power of the situation. |
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| 11 | |
Lu reads about the compliant participants in Asch's studies and laughs with contempt at the participants, saying, "What a bunch of spineless namby-pambies!" Lu is |
| | A) | forgetting that behavior shapes belief. |
| | B) | overlooking other personality characteristics that determine conformity. |
| | C) | making the fundamental attribution error. |
| | D) | ignoring how the status of the experimenter shapes behavior. |
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| 12 | |
When a newspaper reporter questions an executive who has been accused of stealing money from the retirement accounts of workers at her company, the executive describes the retirees as, "too lazy and stupid to even read their monthly statements." The executive's blaming of her victims best illustrates which social psychological principle? |
| | A) | hindsight bias |
| | B) | false consensus |
| | C) | the power of the situation |
| | D) | behavior changes attitudes |
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| 13 | |
Milgram reported that a participant's tendency to obey the experimenter decreased dramatically when |
| | A) | two other participants defied the experimenter. |
| | B) | the subject could not hear the responses of the learner. |
| | C) | the experimenter was a professor in a lab coat. |
| | D) | the experimenter was older than the subject. |
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| 14 | |
The training of torturers by the military junta in Greece in the early 1970s illustrates |
| | A) | psychological reactance. |
| | B) | the inoculation effect. |
| | C) | the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. |
| | D) | the role of personality in conformity. |
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| 15 | |
In light of the Milgram studies, to believe that soldiers who shoot innocent civilians as a consequence of following orders are unusually cruel is to |
| | A) | make the fundamental attribution error |
| | B) | engage in self-serving bias |
| | C) | overlook the effect of cultural differences on conformity |
| | D) | underestimate the influence of personality differences on conformity |
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| 16 | |
The gradually escalating levels of destructive obedience in the Milgram studies best illustrate the danger of |
| | A) | the self-serving bias. |
| | B) | the hindsight bias. |
| | C) | the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. |
| | D) | the false uniqueness effect. |
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| 17 | |
In Milgram's obedience studies, participants were temporarily deceived about |
| | A) | Yale University's sponsorship of the research. |
| | B) | the payment they would receive for participation. |
| | C) | the age, gender, and education of the learner. |
| | D) | the purpose of the experiment. |
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| 18 | |
Kelvin has just taken a new job. Although he supports environmental protection, such as recycling, nobody at his new workplace recycles their paper. According to the results of Asch's studies, Kelvin is most likely to |
| | A) | throw his paper away, too. |
| | B) | scold his new coworkers for their neglect of the environment. |
| | C) | ask for a recycling box. |
| | D) | launch a publicity campaign to inform his coworkers of the benefits of recycling. |
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| 19 | |
The conformity studies suggest that one reason our attitudes often fail to determine our behavior is that |
| | A) | external influences sometimes override inner convictions. |
| | B) | we seldom have attitudes about the behaviors in question. |
| | C) | the behaviors in question are so subtle we are not conscious of them. |
| | D) | traits are inevitably stronger than attitudes. |
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| 20 | |
Milgram stated that the most fundamental lesson of his study was that |
| | A) | evil is the result of a unique character trait. |
| | B) | ordinary people can become agents of evil. |
| | C) | obedience is a learned behavior. |
| | D) | social psychology is relevant to understanding everyday behavior. |
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