Module Review


1		Some early experiments found that people's performance on simple arithmetic and verbal tasks when either observers or co-actors were present. Researchers also observed this - effect with animals. Other experiments found that the presence of others can one's performance.


2		Robert Zajonc reconciled contradictory research findings with a well-known principle from experimental psychology: Arousal facilitates responses. Subsequent research indicated that the presence of others boosts performance on tasks and hinders performance on tasks.


3		Being in a crowd intensifies people's normally or reactions. In dense situations we may be more responsive to people's reactions. Crowding also enhances , which can hamper performance on tasks.


4		Experiments suggest that we are aroused by others partly as a result of apprehension and partly from the of trying to paying attention to others as well as to the task. Other studies indicate that the presence of others can be even when the actor is not being evaluated or distracted.


5		A good theory offers clear that (1) help or modify the theory, (2) guide new exploration, and (3) suggest practical .