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Aggression is physical or verbal behavior intended to
someone. Sigmund Freud and Konrad Lorenz theorized that aggression is an
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Research has identified
influences upon aggression including complex
systems, heredity, and blood
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John Dollard and his associates proposed that
, or the blocking of goal-directed behavior, invariably leads to aggression. Leonard Berkowitz, in a revision of the theory, states that frustration creates
which when coupled with aggressive
may be released as aggression.
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By experience and by
others' success, we learn that aggression often pays. Albert Bandura contends that aggressive acts are most likely when we are
by aversive experiences and it seems safe and
to aggress.
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Animals' reactions to shock indicate that
may provoke aggressive acts. Temporary climate variations affect one's behavior, and
has been shown to increase aggression. Crowding and being
by another are also conducive to aggression.
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The catharsis hypothesis predicts that the aggressive drive will be
after one releases aggressive energy. In some experiments, however, aggressing has actually led to
aggression.
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Social learning theory proposes aggression can be reduced by
and modeling cooperative, nonaggressive behavior. Since aggression is increased in the presence of aggressive cues, limiting the availability of
may also reduce violence.
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