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| 1 | |
The overconfidence bias can be reduced by |
| | A) | having people study the overconfidence bias. |
| | B) | looking for confirming evidence for one's beliefs. |
| | C) | asking people to make estimates in area where they have little competence. |
| | D) | giving people immediate feedback on the accuracy of their judgments. |
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| 2 | |
Cases of blindsight, in which patients report seeing nothing, yet guess correctly what is in their visual field, illustrate |
| | A) | automatic thinking. |
| | B) | memory reconstruction. |
| | C) | schemas. |
| | D) | self-serving bias. |
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| 3 | |
Research on subliminal stimulation indicates that |
| | A) | commercial subliminal tapes are effective in promoting self-improvement. |
| | B) | people are capable of processing information without any conscious awareness of doing so. |
| | C) | people are incapable of automatic thinking. |
| | D) | schemas guide our perceptions of experience. |
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| 4 | |
Although Roberto had not been on his snowboard for three years, he had no trouble remembering his moves the next time he went snowboarding. This is because some of our skills and dispositions are stored as |
| | A) | analytical hindsight. |
| | B) | subliminal perceptions. |
| | C) | explicit memories. |
| | D) | implicit memories. |
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| 5 | |
Studies of people's memories of their past attitudes indicate that we are likely to |
| | A) | recall mildly pleasant events less favorably when we experienced them. |
| | B) | completely forget all of our unpleasant experiences. |
| | C) | recall out past attitudes as being much closer to out present attitudes than they actually were. |
| | D) | remember past attitudes with remarkable accuracy, regardless of how much those attitudes have changed. |
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| 6 | |
After students were exposed to a message convincing them of the desirability of tooth brushing, they later |
| | A) | were much more accurate in recalling how often they brushed their teeth. |
| | B) | recalled brushing their teeth more often than did students who had not heard the message. |
| | C) | recalled brushing their teeth less often than did students who had not heard the message. |
| | D) | increased not only the frequency of their brushing, but also of exercising. |
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| 7 | |
Milly and Sam had a joyful courtship and eventually married. However, after a painful divorce, each remembers their courtship as filled with conflict. Their recollections illustrate |
| | A) | blindsight. |
| | B) | the spacing effect. |
| | C) | the fundamental attribution error. |
| | D) | memory construction. |
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| 8 | |
Although Fred was certain he answered at least 50 items correctly on his history test, he actually was right on only 40 items. Fred's misjudgment illustrates |
| | A) | the self-fulfilling prophecy. |
| | B) | the hindsight bias. |
| | C) | the overconfidence phenomenon. |
| | D) | regression toward the average. |
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| 9 | |
Research on self-improvement programs indicates that |
| | A) | people actually improve much more than they report. |
| | B) | people report more benefit from the program than they actually experience. |
| | C) | people are extremely accurate in reporting how much they have improved. |
| | D) | females are more accurate than males in reporting how much they have improved. |
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| 10 | |
Lydia had some difficulties the first time she went mountain climbing, although she was exhilarated by the view and her accomplishment once her party reached the top of the peak. Six months later, as Lydia is daydreaming about that trip in her office, she is likely recall most vividly |
| | A) | the blisters and cold. |
| | B) | her aching legs. |
| | C) | the thrill of being on the mountaintop. |
| | D) | the nervousness she felt before starting the climb. |
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| 11 | |
All of the following are examples of automatic processing EXCEPT |
| | A) | Chandra dislikes Tanika at first sight. |
| | B) | After fifteen years as a pediatrician, Michelle can instantly tell when one of her patients has an ear infection. |
| | C) | Although she hasn't seen her classmates since graduation, Tammy has no trouble recognizing them at the ten-year reunion. |
| | D) | Linda is trying to decide which new car to buy, so she makes a list of all the features she wants in a car. |
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| 12 | |
Which of these students is most likely to be overconfident about his performance on the upcoming Spanish test? |
| | A) | Brad, who figures he has plenty of time to learn the vocabulary in the two weeks before the test. |
| | B) | Roger, who is walking in to the classroom on the morning of the test. |
| | C) | Wayne, who has been studying hard all semester. |
| | D) | Andrew, who is taking the test right now. |
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| 13 | |
When it finally snows, late in the season, Lilly ignores the warm weeks that have already passed as she tells her friends, "See, I told you it was going to be a cold winter this year." Lilly is demonstrating |
| | A) | the fundamental attribution error. |
| | B) | the confirmation bias. |
| | C) | false uniqueness. |
| | D) | learned helplessness. |
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| 14 | |
When P. C. Wason invited people to guess the rule he had used to devise a sequence of three numbers, they typically guessed incorrectly. Their errors best illustrated the operation of the |
| | A) | illusory correlation. |
| | B) | availability heuristic. |
| | C) | confirmation bias. |
| | D) | illusion of control. |
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| 15 | |
Brendan's roommate had an exam and could not make it to the cafeteria for dinner, so Brendan decided to bring some food back to the room for the roommate to eat later. Brendan was absolutely certain that his roommate like grilled cheese sandwiches, so he got two of those. He later learned, however, that his roommate, while appreciating Brendan's gesture, really did not like grilled cheese. Brendan was the victim of |
| | A) | overconfidence. |
| | B) | false consensus. |
| | C) | rosy retrospection. |
| | D) | the tyranny of choice. |
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