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| 1 | |
People's greater fear of flying than of driving may be understood in terms of |
| | A) | hindsight bias. |
| | B) | the availability heuristic. |
| | C) | regression toward the average. |
| | D) | the self-fulfilling prophecy. |
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| 2 | |
When students who favored capital punishment were shown the results of two studies, one of which confirmed and one of which disconfirmed their belief about the crime-deterring effectiveness of the death penalty, they |
| | A) | more strongly supported the death penalty. |
| | B) | remained unchanged in their support of the death penalty. |
| | C) | became uncertain about the wisdom of the death penalty. |
| | D) | changed their position and now oppose the death penalty. |
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| 3 | |
Our tendency to judge the likelihood of events in terms of how readily they come to mind is known as the |
| | A) | vividness heuristic. |
| | B) | availability heuristic. |
| | C) | belief assimilation phenomenon. |
| | D) | observer bias. |
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| 4 | |
People who were shown the random mix of results from a 50-day cloud-seeding experiment made judgments that showed |
| | A) | the false consensus effect. |
| | B) | an illusory correlation. |
| | C) | the availability heuristic. |
| | D) | regression toward the average. |
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| 5 | |
Tversky and Kahneman have identified _________________________ as a possible cause of the illusion of control. |
| | A) | schemata |
| | B) | the fundamental attribution error |
| | C) | self-fulfilling prophecies |
| | D) | regression toward the average |
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| 6 | |
Keesha wants her boyfriend to be warmer and more affectionate toward her when they go out together. According to research on self-fulfilling prophecies, which of the following will help Keesha get the behavior she wants? |
| | A) | focusing on how much he is just like other men |
| | B) | expecting him to be warm and affectionate |
| | C) | rationally discussing her desires with him |
| | D) | worrying that he is about to dump her |
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| 7 | |
Jeremy's tendency to overestimate his risk of being killed in a terrorist attack while visiting the Middle East is best explained in terms of |
| | A) | regression toward the average. |
| | B) | behavioral confirmation. |
| | C) | the availability heuristic. |
| | D) | the illusion of control. |
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| 8 | |
Studies of experimenter bias and teacher expectations have revealed the presence of |
| | A) | hindsight bias. |
| | B) | illusory correlations. |
| | C) | self-fulfilling prophecies. |
| | D) | fundamental attribution errors. |
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| 9 | |
Male students talked on the telephone with women they thought were either attractive or unattractive. Analyses of the women's comments during the conversations revealed that |
| | A) | the women who were presumed attractive spoke more warmly than did women who were presumed unattractive. |
| | B) | the women who were presumed attractive spoke in a more reserved manner. |
| | C) | there was no difference between women who were presumed attractive and those presumed unattractive. |
| | D) | the women who were presumed attractive were more passive |
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| 10 | |
Based on research about the availability heuristic, which of the following most effective in getting obese people to try to lose weight? |
| | A) | reading a magazine article that reports a statistical connection between obesity and heart disease |
| | B) | learning that a close friend who is also obese has had a heart attack |
| | C) | noticing a large number of other obese people in his or her workplace |
| | D) | All of these will be equally effective. |
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| 11 | |
From research presented in the text, which of the following strategies would be an effective way for gambling casinos to get people to wager more money? |
| | A) | giving greater publicity to big winners |
| | B) | throwing dice for the customers rather than letting them throw the dice themselves |
| | C) | increasing the odds of winning |
| | D) | asking customers to reflect on their own gambling losses |
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| 12 | |
Many people firmly believe in astrology's ability to predict the future. Assuming they are presented a history of an astrologer's past predictions which in actuality shows a random mix of success and failure, these people are likely to |
| | A) | believe the astrologer is successful. |
| | B) | question this astrologer's predictive ability, but still believe in the validity of astrology. |
| | C) | become very defensive. |
| | D) | give up their belief in the validity of astrology. |
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| 13 | |
Bob, a baseball player, makes five hits while Joe, a member of the same team, makes none in a particular game. In the next game both obtain one hit. What term used in the text explains Bob's fewer hits and Joe's increase? |
| | A) | overconfidence bias |
| | B) | base-rate fallacy |
| | C) | regression to the average |
| | D) | schemata |
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| 14 | |
The people in a small town become convinced that the bank where they have their savings accounts is unsound. The next day most of them demand their savings. By the end of the day the bank is unable to pay off all those who want their deposits. This is an example of |
| | A) | regression toward the average. |
| | B) | a self-fulfilling prophecy. |
| | C) | the hindsight bias. |
| | D) | illusory correlation. |
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| 15 | |
Bob and his roommate, Bijan, participate in an experiment for psychology class. They are both assigned to interview Charlene. Before his interview, the experimenter tells Bob that Charlene has rescued and adopted several abandoned and abused animals. The experimenter told Bijan that Charlene was awaiting trial for animal abuse charges. Later, when Bob and Bijan discuss their impressions of Charlene, |
| | A) | both think Charlene is warm and caring. |
| | B) | both think Charlene is warm and cold. |
| | C) | Bijan thinks Charlene is warm and caring, and Bob believes she is cruel and cold. |
| | D) | Bob thinks Charlene is warm and caring, while Bijan believes she is cruel and cold. |
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