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| 1 | |
The change in status and roles that occurs during adolescence is referred to as: |
| | A) | social reform. |
| | B) | social redefinition. |
| | C) | social reinvention. |
| | D) | social realignment. |
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| 2 | |
The writers who believe that adolescence, as a developmental period, is defined primarily by the ways society views it as distinct from childhood and adulthood are known as: |
| | A) | inventionists. |
| | B) | creationists. |
| | C) | environmentalists. |
| | D) | behaviorists. |
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| 3 | |
In many societies, adolescents are not permitted to engage in certain behaviors until they have reached the ___, or the legal age for adult status. |
| | A) | age of majority |
| | B) | marginal age |
| | C) | age of emerging adulthood |
| | D) | apprentice age |
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| 4 | |
Due in part to the increased affluence and economic freedoms enjoyed by American adolescents during the late 1940s and 1950s, this term arose to denote the frivolous and lighthearted nature of the period between childhood and adulthood. |
| | A) | youth |
| | B) | apprentice |
| | C) | teenager |
| | D) | marginal man |
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| 5 | |
Who is the anthropologist who recognized that the transition to adulthood varies across cultures and also cohorts within the same culture? |
| | A) | Glen Elder Jr |
| | B) | Margaret Mead |
| | C) | Laurence Steinberg |
| | D) | Ruth Benedict |
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| 6 | |
A status offense could be illustrated by the behavior of an adolescent engaging in which behavior? |
| | A) | using cocaine |
| | B) | not showing up for school |
| | C) | speeding |
| | D) | stealing |
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| 7 | |
The textbook notes that all of the following are common practices in the process of social redefinition, except: |
| | A) | real or symbolic separation from parents. |
| | B) | an emphasis on differences between the sexes. |
| | C) | the adolescent being banned from living in his/her parents' home. |
| | D) | the passing on of information from the older generation. |
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| 8 | |
In Latino communities, adolescent girls have a coming-out celebration known as a: |
| | A) | fiesta. |
| | B) | Bar Mitzvah. |
| | C) | quinceanara. |
| | D) | Bat Mitzvah. |
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| 9 | |
One of the aspects of social redefinition during adolescence entails the ___________ in physical appearance and social roles between males and females. |
| | A) | accentuation of differences |
| | B) | similarities |
| | C) | consistency |
| | D) | diminishing differences |
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| 10 | |
Body piercings and tattoos in modern American society can be viewed as modern-day initiation ceremonies similar to those in third world tribal societies known as: |
| | A) | scarification. |
| | B) | status offenses. |
| | C) | collective efficacy. |
| | D) | peer pressure. |
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| 11 | |
We have _____ universal markers of adulthood attainment. |
| | A) | many |
| | B) | few |
| | C) | about 8 |
| | D) | between 5 and 7 |
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| 12 | |
Which of the following was not an outcome of industrialization in the 19th century? |
| | A) | a shortage of job opportunities for adult workers |
| | B) | a change in adults' opinions of adolescents' readiness for work |
| | C) | problematic changes in community life like increases in crime |
| | D) | more full-time job opportunities for adolescents in factories |
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| 13 | |
Which of the following is most accurate in describing the clarity of social redefinition in contemporary society (i.e., the transition from adolescence to adulthood)? |
| | A) | there are many universal markers for this transition |
| | B) | society does not send consistent messages about the transition |
| | C) | social redefinition sends an adolescent clear indications of when her responsibilities as an adult begin |
| | D) | unlike in traditional societies, the defining criteria of adulthood are different for males and females in contemporary society |
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| 14 | |
Research has indicated that American youth are likely to use which of the following to define adulthood? |
| | A) | being capable of supporting a family financially |
| | B) | settling into a long-term career |
| | C) | no longer living in parents' household |
| | D) | accepting responsibility for the consequences of one's actions |
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| 15 | |
Many initiation ceremonies around the world employ some change in the external appearance of the individual who is entering adulthood: |
| | A) | to help the individual feel that they are no longer a child. |
| | B) | to help others in the community recognize the individual's adult status. |
| | C) | to facilitate the "celebration" of the individual's entrance into adulthood. |
| | D) | to signal to the gods that the person has entered adulthood. |
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| 16 | |
Of the following cultures, which produces adolescents who are least likely to fit the profile of an "emerging adult"? |
| | A) | Japan |
| | B) | New Zealand |
| | C) | China |
| | D) | United States |
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| 17 | |
When the transition into adult roles is not very smooth, but instead is sudden, the transition is said to be: |
| | A) | nonlinear. |
| | B) | skewed. |
| | C) | transformational. |
| | D) | discontinuous. |
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| 18 | |
Some people believe that the _____ in the passage into adulthood has become so great that many adolescents, especially _____, are having many difficulties transiting into adult roles. |
| | A) | discontinuity; those not college-bound. |
| | B) | specificity; females. |
| | C) | new responsibilities; affluent teenagers. |
| | D) | inherent stress; late maturers. |
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| 19 | |
Which of the following was not suggested in the textbook as a means of making the transition into adulthood smoother for those not college-bound? |
| | A) | students should be segregated from the workplace until after high school graduation |
| | B) | the need to restructure secondary education |
| | C) | expanding work and volunteering opportunities |
| | D) | improving the quality of community life for adolescents and their parents |
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| 20 | |
Census data and historical documents have led researchers to conclude that, in contrast to modern-day adolescents, adolescents of 100 years ago: |
| | A) | made the transition into work roles may have occurred later. |
| | B) | assumed adult responsibilities more suddenly than in contemporary times. |
| | C) | were more likely to live under adult supervision for a longer time period. |
| | D) | made the transition to adulthood in complete emancipation. |
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| 21 | |
Which of the following statements is true about home-leaving among contemporary youth in industrialized countries? |
| | A) | Adolescents from single-parent families tend to remain at home longer than their counterparts from two-parent families. |
| | B) | Adolescents are living with their parents longer than adolescents 40 to 50 years ago. |
| | C) | Adolescents in the United States are unique in their patterns of home-leaving. |
| | D) | Adolescents report that the current economic situation makes it much easier to leave home early. |
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| 22 | |
Of all American 18- to -24-year-olds, approximately what percentage either live with or are supported by their parents? |
| | A) | about 5% |
| | B) | about 10% |
| | C) | about 25% |
| | D) | about 55% |
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| 23 | |
According to the textbook, for whom would living with one's parents in late adolescence and early adulthood be characterized by positive feelings and close family relationships? |
| | A) | White young adults |
| | B) | Black young adults |
| | C) | Asian and Hispanic young adults |
| | D) | Hispanic and Black young adults |
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| 24 | |
According to research cited in the textbook, adolescents who were exposed to Hurricane Katrina: |
| | A) | were likely to drop out of school and to have not reenrolled after 3 years. |
| | B) | were likely to misremember the facts leading up to the hurricane. |
| | C) | showed remarkable resilience. |
| | D) | showed excessive symptoms of exposure to stress. |
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| 25 | |
In contemporary society, the best predictor of when an adolescent feels he has reached adult status is: |
| | A) | holding down a job. |
| | B) | their level of psychosocial maturity. |
| | C) | moving in with a prospective mate. |
| | D) | becoming a parent. |
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| 26 | |
Which of the following is not a way in which modern society's views on adulthood differ from the views in traditional societies? |
| | A) | decreased importance of family roles in modern society |
| | B) | increased importance of attaining specific roles in modern society |
| | C) | gender differences in adult status roles are less pronounced in modern society |
| | D) | increased importance of developing character traits associated with self-reliance |
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| 27 | |
According to the textbook, today about _____ of American Adolescents are from ethnic minority groups; and, by the end of the century, the U.S. Census Bureau estimates that nearly _____ of American adolescents will be non-White. |
| | A) | 15%; 35% |
| | B) | 45%; 66% |
| | C) | 75%; 95% |
| | D) | 95%; 99% |
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| 28 | |
Contemporary adolescents are more likely to define adulthood with respect to _____ than to _____. |
| | A) | role transitions; psychological achievements. |
| | B) | psychological achievements; role transitions. |
| | C) | how their peers do; their subjective experience. |
| | D) | physical appearance; their psychosocial maturity |
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| 29 | |
Today, the transition between childhood and adulthood ______ than it did/was in the past century. Tomorrow, it will probably _____. |
| | A) | takes longer; take even longer |
| | B) | is more stressful; be less stressful |
| | C) | is clearer; be even more clear |
| | D) | takes less time; be even shorter |
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| 30 | |
What surprising outcome was found regarding differences in the transition to adulthood between immigrant adolescents and adolescents from the same ethnic group who are native-born Americans? |
| | A) | immigrant adolescents exhibited fewer problem behaviors |
| | B) | immigrant adolescents exhibited more problem behaviors |
| | C) | native-born Americans of the same ethnic group experienced the smoothest transition |
| | D) | there was no significant difference in frequency of problem behaviors during the transition period |
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| 31 | |
Poverty in neighborhoods breeds social isolation and social disorganization, undermining a neighborhood's sense of: |
| | A) | continuity. |
| | B) | collective efficacy. |
| | C) | discontinuity. |
| | D) | redefinition. |
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| 32 | |
In impoverished neighborhoods that also have low collective efficacy, which of the following has been suggested? |
| | A) | social problems may be contagious and may spread in the same manner as would a medical epidemic |
| | B) | adolescents' risk of deviancy is no greater despite increased contact with deviant peers |
| | C) | adolescents' risk of criminal activity is no greater despite increased contact with delinquent peers |
| | D) | adolescents' risk of teen pregnancy is no greater despite increased tolerance of this behavior in such neighborhoods |
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| 33 | |
Across all ethnic groups, poverty is associated with the greater likelihood of what type of parenting? |
| | A) | consistent parenting |
| | B) | nurturing parenting |
| | C) | punitive parenting |
| | D) | responsible parenting |
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| 34 | |
Daily exposure to ___ causes stress that increases the risk of emotional and behavioral problems. |
| | A) | peer pressure |
| | B) | social transitions |
| | C) | collective efficacy |
| | D) | community violence |
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| 35 | |
American jurors and the U.S. Supreme Court tend to agree that juveniles convicted of first-degree murder should be eligible for the death penalty when convicted of the crime at what age? |
| | A) | 12 or higher |
| | B) | 14 or higher |
| | C) | 16 or higher |
| | D) | 18 or higher |
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| 36 | |
What is a problem associated with studying the effects of neighborhoods on adolescent development? |
| | A) | poor families tend to live in poor neighborhoods |
| | B) | it is difficult to separate the effects of neighborhood disadvantage from the effects of family disadvantage |
| | C) | whether neighborhood disadvantage causes family functioning or whether better functioning families choose to live in better neighborhoods |
| | D) | all of these statements are issues that neighborhood researchers have to take into account |
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| 37 | |
The studies that have randomly assigned families from poor neighborhoods to either remain where they were living or be relocated into more advantaged neighborhoods have found _______. |
| | A) | mixed effects |
| | B) | positive effects |
| | C) | no effect |
| | D) | negative effects |
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| 38 | |
What might be a result from relocating poor families to more affluent neighborhoods? |
| | A) | adolescents from poor families may experience less discrimination in their new neighborhood |
| | B) | adolescents from poor families may feel less disadvantaged than their peers who remained in poor communities |
| | C) | adolescents from poor families may have access to fewer community resources than they did in their old neighborhood |
| | D) | adolescents from poor families may compare their circumstances to their peers who did not move and, as a result, may have better mental health |
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| 39 | |
Most of the effects of neighborhoods on adolescent development are: |
| | A) | direct. |
| | B) | indirect. |
| | C) | unavoidable. |
| | D) | caused by the presence of poor neighbors. |
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