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| 1 | |
Which one of the following did not contribute to the significant increase in the amount of free time available to adolescents in the first half of the twentieth century? |
| | A) | the development of compulsory schooling |
| | B) | adolescents were barred from the labor force to eliminate child labor |
| | C) | the increased affluence of Americans after World War II |
| | D) | increased intellectual abilities allowed students to finish schoolwork faster |
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| 2 | |
How does an American student's use of free time compare to students in other countries? |
| | A) | An American high school student spends less than 5 hours per week on homework, whereas adolescents in India, Taiwan, and Japan spend between 4 and 5 hours per day on homework. |
| | B) | An American student spends about 4 to 5 hours per day on homework, whereas adolescents in most other industrialized countries spend between 1 and 2 hours per day. |
| | C) | An American student spends nearly three times as many hours reading for pleasure compared to adolescents in European countries. |
| | D) | An American student's use of free time for academics is higher than most other countries. |
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| 3 | |
Approximately how many American high school students will have worked in an after-school job before graduating? |
| | A) | slightly less than half |
| | B) | 10% |
| | C) | very few |
| | D) | the majority |
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| 4 | |
In what way does adolescent employment in America compare to adolescent employment in other nations? |
| | A) | High school students in Japan and Taiwan are about three times more likely to hold jobs compared to American high school students. |
| | B) | Student employment is fairly common in America; however, it is unheard of in Japan or Korea. |
| | C) | European adolescents are more likely than their American counterparts to hold part-time paying jobs during the school year. |
| | D) | Part-time jobs held by American teens are more closely linked with future careers than are the part-time jobs held by teens in Europe. |
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| 5 | |
The best explanation for differences between the United States and other industrialized nations regarding teenage employment is: |
| | A) | in most other industrialized countries the employment of children is associated with being poor, unlike in America where there is no stigma against teen employment. |
| | B) | part-time employment opportunities are more readily available in other countries. |
| | C) | many adolescents leave school early in other industrialized nations, allowing more of them to take jobs. |
| | D) | schools in other industrialized nations require less out-of-school preparation, freeing up more time for the employment of their students. |
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| 6 | |
Considering that a very small number of different jobs accounts for such a large proportion of today's student workers' jobs, what statement best represents the findings from Staff and colleagues' survey? |
| | A) | About 10% of employed eighth graders either baby-sit or do yard work. |
| | B) | About 20% of employed eighth graders either baby-sit or do yard work. |
| | C) | About 30% of employed eighth graders either baby-sit or do yard work. |
| | D) | About 60% of employed eighth graders either baby-sit or do yard work. |
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| 7 | |
Which of the following does not accurately describe the typical work environment of employed American adolescents? |
| | A) | Most teenagers' jobs are repetitive and monotonous. |
| | B) | Adolescents receive substantial and detailed instruction from their supervisors. |
| | C) | Few jobs permit adolescents to behave independently or make decisions. |
| | D) | Employed teens are rarely required to use the skills they have learned in school. |
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| 8 | |
Although adults' perceive that the typical adolescent job is menial and unsatisfying, research shows that teens describe their job as one in which they: |
| | A) | do not like the people with whom they work. |
| | B) | rarely learn anything new. |
| | C) | have had opportunities to exercise responsibility. |
| | D) | are not satisfied with their pay. |
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| 9 | |
What is the relationship between total hours of employment per week and disengagement from school? |
| | A) | Adolescents who work long hours (20-plus hours weekly) are less engaged in school than those who work fewer hours. |
| | B) | Adolescents who work fewer than 20 hours per week are less engaged in school than those who work longer hours. |
| | C) | Adolescents who work long hours (20-plus hours weekly) are more engaged in school than those who work fewer hours. |
| | D) | There is no significant difference in disengagement from school between students employed either for long or a short number of hours per week. |
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| 10 | |
Under what scenario is employment most likely to help adolescents develop a sense of responsibility? |
| | A) | when their employment is primarily to earn their own spending money |
| | B) | when they are placed in positions of responsibility |
| | C) | when they work 20-plus hours per week |
| | D) | when they work under 20 hours per week |
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| 11 | |
For a job to result in an adolescent worker feeling more mature, competent, and dependable, what characteristics should the job possess? |
| | A) | stressful tasks |
| | B) | genuine responsibility |
| | C) | repetitive tasks |
| | D) | unchallenging tasks |
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| 12 | |
Consequences of "premature affluence" include all but which of the following? |
| | A) | some adolescents become accustomed to living in an unrealistic world, one in which they had a large amount of discretionary income and few obligations |
| | B) | undesirable lessons about the meaning of money |
| | C) | less satisfaction with one's financial situation as a young adult |
| | D) | having more ambitious plans for further education and more years of college |
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| 13 | |
Given that the working teenager earns approximately $400 each month, in what way does this translate into increased knowledge for budgeting, saving, and using money? |
| | A) | Few teenagers exercise a great deal of responsibility in managing their own wages. |
| | B) | The majority of teenagers learn to budget their earnings and save for college. |
| | C) | Many teenagers learn responsibility by contributing to the household expenses. |
| | D) | Parents typically are able to exert influence on how teens' earnings are spent. |
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| 14 | |
One of the short-term consequences for adolescents of working more than 20 hours a week is: |
| | A) | being absent from school less frequently. |
| | B) | being more likely to participate in extracurricular activities. |
| | C) | enjoying school less. |
| | D) | spending more time doing homework. |
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| 15 | |
The long-term impact of working more than 20 hours a week for adolescents may include: |
| | A) | being less likely to drop out of high school. |
| | B) | having less ambitious plans for the further education. |
| | C) | completing more years of college on average. |
| | D) | having increased attention during class and study time. |
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| 16 | |
Researchers have observed that some students who work a large amount often develop strategies for protecting their grades, which include all of the following, except: |
| | A) | taking more challenging courses. |
| | B) | cutting corners on homework assignments. |
| | C) | copying homework from friends. |
| | D) | cheating on exams and quizzes. |
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| 17 | |
As a result of their concern about the excessive involvement of students in after-school jobs, some teachers: |
| | A) | increase degree of exam difficulty. |
| | B) | assign more homework. |
| | C) | raise their classroom expectations. |
| | D) | use class time for students to complete their homework. |
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| 18 | |
How is intensive employment (working more than 20 hours per week) related to adolescent problem behavior? |
| | A) | it places adolescents at a decreased risk for cigarette, alcohol, and drug use |
| | B) | it places adolescents at an increased risk for cigarette, alcohol, and drug use |
| | C) | as the number of part-time hours increases, the risk of problem behavior decreases |
| | D) | researchers found no relationship between hours worked and problem behavior |
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| 19 | |
Approximately what percentage of 16- to 24-year-olds are neither in school nor employed? |
| | A) | 3% |
| | B) | 6% |
| | C) | 8% |
| | D) | 24% |
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| 20 | |
Which of the following statements regarding youth employment is not true? |
| | A) | Employment of teenagers has become commonplace in contemporary America. |
| | B) | Youth unemployment is not very widespread, once the proportion of young people who are in school is taken into account. |
| | C) | Employment of teenagers is not very common in the United States. |
| | D) | The unemployment rate of youth who drop out of high school is similar to the unemployment rate of individuals who graduate high school but do not enroll in college. |
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| 21 | |
The Media Practice Model of how media impacts adolescent development suggests that: |
| | A) | adolescents are directly influenced by the content to which they are exposed. |
| | B) | adolescents choose the media to which they are exposed based on personal preferences. |
| | C) | adolescents' preferences and their media exposure are reciprocal and influence each other. |
| | D) | adolescents' preferences have nothing to do with the media to which they are exposed. |
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| 22 | |
What innovative method that uses pagers and beepers has been developed to study adolescent development in real time? |
| | A) | structured personal interview method |
| | B) | Experience Sampling Method |
| | C) | structured questionnaire method |
| | D) | open-ended personal interview method |
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| 23 | |
Compared with adolescents who are solely involved in athletics, adolescents who combine participation in sports with other sorts of extracurricular activities: |
| | A) | have multiple points of attachment to their school and fare better. |
| | B) | are over overcommitted and typically fare worse. |
| | C) | are disengaged from the academic aspect of school. |
| | D) | report high levels of stress. |
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| 24 | |
Children in self-care differ from their peers when it comes to: |
| | A) | psychological development. |
| | B) | school achievement. |
| | C) | self-conceptions. |
| | D) | Children in self-care do not differ from their peers in any of the above listed categories. |
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| 25 | |
A recent study indicates that virtually all American adolescents live in homes with a television, and almost _____ have Internet access. |
| | A) | 10% |
| | B) | 30% |
| | C) | two-tenths |
| | D) | all also |
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| 26 | |
Adolescents' total media exposure, including television, video games, the Internet, and simultaneous use of two or more is approximately how many hours on average per day? |
| | A) | 1 |
| | B) | 3 |
| | C) | 5 |
| | D) | 8 |
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| 27 | |
Exposure to TV violence in childhood has been linked to all but: |
| | A) | aggressive behavior toward others. |
| | B) | greater tolerance of violence. |
| | C) | desensitization to the effects of violence on others. |
| | D) | heightened aversion toward violence. |
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| 28 | |
Which of the following statements about violent video games is true? |
| | A) | Putting labels on games makes them less attractive to teenagers. |
| | B) | Putting labels on games to alert adolescents and their parents to violent content is an effective way to reduce the negative impact of particularly violent games. |
| | C) | Owing to the research findings suggesting that video games make adolescents more aggressive, the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Entertainment Merchants (2010) ruled that banning the sale of violent games to minors was indeed constitutional. |
| | D) | The U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Entertainment Merchants (2010) ruled that banning the sale of violent games to minors was unconstitutional. |
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| 29 | |
Over the past years, the presence, variety, and forms of mass media used by teenagers _____, whereas the main uses of mass media _____: |
| | A) | have changed dramatically; are pretty much the same as they have been in the past |
| | B) | have not changed; have changed dramatically |
| | C) | have not changed; have changed a little bit. |
| | D) | are pretty much the same as they have been in the past; are starting to change a little bit. |
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| 30 | |
What is the most convincing research finding with respect to sexual content on TV and in other forms of media? |
| | A) | Repeated exposure to sexual content affects adolescents' attitudes, beliefs, and intentions. |
| | B) | Exposure to sexual content on TV or the Internet is likely to lead teenagers to engage in promiscuous sexual activity. |
| | C) | Exposure to sexual content on regular TV programs will lead teenagers to seek opportunities to view pornography. |
| | D) | Educating teenagers about the risks associated with unprotected sex, through media advertisements, is likely to significantly reduce the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections and unplanned pregnancies among American teenagers. |
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| 31 | |
Which message about sexuality are teenagers particularly susceptible to? |
| | A) | that sex is a defining aspect of masculinity |
| | B) | that women are sex objects |
| | C) | that unprotected sex is likely to result in an unplanned pregnancy |
| | D) | that unprotected sex is likely to result in sexually transmitted infections |
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| 32 | |
Why is it ironic that more than one-fourth of the TV ads seen by American adolescents are for food, beverages, or restaurants? |
| | A) | because the same media implicitly encourages adolescent girls to be thin and adolescent boys to be muscular |
| | B) | because American adolescents spend very little time watching TV |
| | C) | because American adolescents don't typically make these types of purchases |
| | D) | because research indicates that adolescents' food and beverage preferences are not influenced by TV ads |
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| 33 | |
Although it may not be ethical, the best way to demonstrate cause and effect where media influence is concerned is to: |
| | A) | design a correlational study. |
| | B) | conduct an experiment in which people are randomly assigned to be (or not be) exposed to the medium of interest and see how it affects them. |
| | C) | observe teenagers' behaviors and attitudes at the movie theater. |
| | D) | use a technique called the experience sampling method. |
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| 34 | |
Many parents and other adults worry that the mass media will have a negative effect on adolescent development and behavior. Which of the following statements is a scientifically valid concern? |
| | A) | Adolescents with online profiles will likely receive unwanted sexual attention from strangers. |
| | B) | Adolescents with cell phones and unlimited texting packages will likely send naked photos of themselves to their peers. |
| | C) | Playing violent video games will cause adolescents to become more aggressive. |
| | D) | Repeated exposure to sexual messages may change adolescents' attitudes. |
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| 35 | |
What is a term that may be used to describe a correlation between two things, such as when an effect is directly attributable to another variable? |
| | A) | correlation |
| | B) | spurious causation |
| | C) | causation |
| | D) | moderation |
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| 36 | |
What is a term used to describe a situation when two things, such as playing violent video games and engaging in violent behaviors, are both caused by some third, underlying variable, such as a biological predisposition or preference for aggression? |
| | A) | correlation |
| | B) | spurious causation |
| | C) | causation |
| | D) | moderation |
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