 | Study Questions
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- Explain how memory works as an information–processing system.
- Describe sensory memory and Sperling's research on iconic memory.
- Discuss the limits and four major components of working memory?
- Describe long–term memory and the three–stage model's explanation for the serial position effect.
- Contrast effortful and automatic processing, and discuss the levels–of–processing model.
- Contrast maintenance and elaborative rehearsal. Describe how to use organization and imagery to enhance encoding.
- What role do schemas play in encoding and in expertise and exceptional memory?
- Contrast associative network models and neural network models, and explain priming.
- Describe declarative and procedural memory, and contrast explicit versus implicit memory.
- How do retrieval cues assist memory?
- Are emotionally arousing events remembered differently from other events?
- How are confidence and memory accuracy related?
- Describe and illustrate encoding specificity, context–and state–dependent memory, and mood–congruent recall.
- Describe Ebbinghaus's research, its value, and its limitations.
- Explain why we forget based on concepts of encoding failure, decay, and interference.
- Why is motivated forgetting a controversial concept?
- Describe some types and causes of amnesia and the nature of prospective memory.
- Discuss examples of memory construction, and explain how schemas influence this process.
- Describe the misinformation effect, why it occurs, and how it affects memory accuracy in children and adults.
- Discuss the recovered memory controversy, the two key issues involved, and relevant evidence.
- Illustrate how culture influences memory construction.
- Describe some key brain structures involved in memory.
- Describe how changes in neural circuitry may underlie memory formation.
- Identify practical principles for enhancing memory.
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