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| 1 | |
Paul Lovejoy argues that the slave trade across the Atlantic marked a radical break in the history of Africa. This claim is supported by all of the following assertions except: |
| | A) | The scale of the trans-Atlantic trade was relatively large. |
| | B) | The demographic impact of the trade on Africa was significant. |
| | C) | The trans-Atlantic slave trade was spear-headed by local elites. |
| | D) | The slave population in Africa grew as the slave trade increased with the Americas. |
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| 2 | |
John Thornton argues against the 'transformation thesis' by making all of the following points except: |
| | A) | Africans were experienced traders who were not dominated by European merchants. |
| | B) | Slavery was a relatively new idea that was rarely practiced on the African continent in any form. |
| | C) | Slavery was widespread and indigenous in African society. |
| | D) | The negative demographic impact of the slave trade was local and difficult to disentangle from other factors. |
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| 3 | |
Carney employs all but which form of evidence below to support her argument that African-born slaves initiated rice planting in South Carolina by teaching white planters to grow the crop. |
| | A) | Archival materials that document a tutorial role for African slaves. |
| | B) | The environment and rice production system in South Carolina was remarkably similar to those in West Africa. |
| | C) | A similar approach (in West Africa and South Carolina) to processing rice grain for consumption. |
| | D) | Similarities between West Africa and South Carolina in irrigation approaches and irrigation technologies. |
| | E) | African rice routinely provisioned slave ships, providing the enslaved the opportunity to grow their food staple for subsistence. |
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| 4 | |
Heyward argues that the methods used by early Carolina planters are most similar to those found in which country: |
| | A) | Madagascar |
| | B) | China |
| | C) | The Gambia |
| | D) | Brazil |
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| 5 | |
According to Diamond, who believes that Europeans became the dominant society because of their more favorable location, the: |
| | A) | Europeans were at a distinct advantage because they were able to grow more nutritious crops in their northern climate, giving them strength over Africans. |
| | B) | Africans could not travel across the diverse north-south continent, so they remained sedentary and isolated from other technologies and advances. |
| | C) | African continent did not have positive climate or geology that supported agriculture, and thus agriculture never succeeded in Africa. |
| | D) | Europeans had highly organized political structures, writing, and good military technology that ultimately stemmed from more favorable geographical circumstances, thus allowing them to conquer Africa. |
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| 6 | |
According to Jarosz, who argues that Diamond's geographical approach to history is too narrow, a more appropriate geographical history should: |
| | A) | Ignore the geographical assets, such as wildlife, technology, and geographical orientation, because differences only arose from power dynamics and ideologies. |
| | B) | Consider human relationships, ideologies and politics and their effects on a colonized nation's development and internal inequalities. |
| | C) | Study religion and technology, rather than agriculture and technology, because food systems are based more on choice and culture than geography. |
| | D) | Study inter-country relationships and political feuds that could inherently weaken a larger, regional civilization. |
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| 7 | |
Colchester states that after it granted its former African colonies independence, the French government intervened in African politics to |
| | A) | Prevent human-rights abuses |
| | B) | Stop Communist revolutions |
| | C) | Ensure fair elections |
| | D) | Protect its economic interests in the resources of the former colonies |
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| 8 | |
Grier states that her findings do not support "...a crude form of the exploitation theory...", a theory that asserts that: |
| | A) | Higher levels of resource exploitation in a country lead to higher rates of economic growth |
| | B) | Greater exploitation of agricultural resources and more intensive farming practices lead to higher crop yields |
| | C) | Colonialism caused instability and dependence in colonial states through exploitation of the native population |
| | D) | Higher levels of resource exploitation lead to environmental degradation and slow economic growth |
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| 9 | |
Pamacheche and Koma argue that which of the following will occur as a result of privatization? |
| | A) | Lower prices for goods and services as a result of increased market competition. |
| | B) | Reduction of government debt. |
| | C) | A greater number of employment opportunities. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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| 10 | |
According to Mkandawire, the (structural adjustment) policies designed to integrate Africa into the global economy have failed because: |
| | A) | These policies have not been encouraged by the Bretton Woods institutions. |
| | B) | They have sidestepped the developmental needs of the continent and questions on the form of integration appropriate to addressing those needs. |
| | C) | They have not sufficiently emphasized the importance of trade. |
| | D) | They encourage overspending on social programs. |
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| 11 | |
According to Okpaku, one of the reasons ICT is so beneficial is because: |
| | A) | It increases public awareness about national and global issues. |
| | B) | It will enhance national security. |
| | C) | With increased access to information, it will reduce conflict. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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| 12 | |
Carmody emphasizes the "differential geography" of the ICT economy. He is referring to: |
| | A) | The way in which ICT has spread to all parts of the world, including the poorest countries of sub-Saharan Africa. |
| | B) | Phones in South Africa being of better quality than those being used in poorer African countries. |
| | C) | Africa's position as a place of extraction and consumption in the global ICT commodity chain. |
| | D) | The climate of some areas of Africa being unfit for ICT production factories. |
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| 13 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the positive attributes of China-Africa trade relations that Sautman describes in his article? |
| | A) | China's ability to import and provide Africans with affordable goods. |
| | B) | China's practice of supporting local initiatives rather than imposing donor-crafted projects. |
| | C) | China's rising demand for African exports. |
| | D) | China's tendency to hire local labor. |
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| 14 | |
According to Carmody and Owusu, who believe that Chinese and American investment in China is problematic, what are the reasons these nations want influence in Africa? |
| | A) | To encourage internal development in African states, thus benefiting the local economy and infrastructure. |
| | B) | To gain control of resources for their own needs and have more of a presence in Africa's developing economies. |
| | C) | To export their own manufactured goods and foreign cultural customs to African cities. |
| | D) | To help solve social problems, like HIV/AIDS and low education rates, while also investing in local economic development. |
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| 15 | |
Which one of Moyo's arguments is Shah most likely to agree with? |
| | A) | The removal of aid over a five year period encourages governments to adopt constructive development plans as was the case in South Korea. |
| | B) | The traditional aid model characterized by mass money transfers from the rich world to the developing world has been unsuccessful. |
| | C) | Western aid is inherently detrimental to economic growth in the developing world. |
| | D) | The Chinese are more favorable aid donors to Africa because they stay out of local politics. |
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| 16 | |
Moyo suggests that the first step to implementing the Dead Aid model is: |
| | A) | To call African countries on the phone and inform them that aid will be withdrawn over a five year period. |
| | B) | To hold a conference with both donor and recipient nations to discuss the terms of aid reduction. |
| | C) | To continue aid but establish political conditions for the transfer of that aid. |
| | D) | For western donors to withdraw aid and allow the Chinese to dominate the aid to Africa. |
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| 17 | |
According to the study conducted by Kurukulasuriya et al., which type of livelihood discussed will be LEAST affected by climate change? |
| | A) | Irrigated crop farmers |
| | B) | Dryland crop farmers |
| | C) | Livestock farmers |
| | D) | They will all be affected equally |
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| 18 | |
Mertz et. al. found that farmers in Eastern Saloum, Senegal had adapted new crop or crop varieties because: |
| | A) | Traditional crops weren't nutritious enough and community health was suffering. |
| | B) | Climate change had resulted in low yields and different crops and crop varieties are more resilient to climate variability. |
| | C) | Communities wanted to earn more income. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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| 19 | |
According to Mortimore and Tiffen, what happened to food crop production in Machakos from 1930-1987? |
| | A) | It was unable to keep up with population growth. |
| | B) | It remained stable throughout the entire period. |
| | C) | It kept up with population growth. |
| | D) | It exceeded the rate of population growth, making imported foods unnecessary. |
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| 20 | |
Murton questions the conclusions of Mortimore and Tiffen in Machakos by finding all of the following except: |
| | A) | Environmental conservation did not occur during periods of population growth. |
| | B) | A polarization of land holdings. |
| | C) | Differential trends in Agricultural productivity. |
| | D) | A decline in food self-sufficiency. |
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| 21 | |
According to Annan, who argues that a uniquely African green revolution is the only way to end poverty and hunger on the continent, the solution: |
| | A) | will utilize imported food while preserving small scale local agricultural methods. |
| | B) | must be adapted by African scientists to suit individual regions' needs and climates. |
| | C) | ought to have a pan-African agenda, led by African leaders and scientists. |
| | D) | should be coordinated by scientists and political leaders to help Africa's economy. |
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| 22 | |
According to Thompson, who finds Annan's proposal similar to the green revolution of the 1960's and 70's: |
| | A) | the new green revolution should employ more African scientists in creating new technologies. |
| | B) | improved fertilizers and hybrid plants will have lasting positive effects on African agriculture. |
| | C) | the new green revolution in Africa will have benefited and learned from the mistakes of the first green revolution in Asia and Latin America in the 1960s and 1970s. |
| | D) | a green revolution will cater to business and trade interests rather than ecological and cultural particularities. |
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| 23 | |
According to Rihoy et al., the decline of participatory CAMFIRE decision-making in Mahenye after 2000 was in large part due to: |
| | A) | The deterioration of the national economy and a fall in tourism revenue. |
| | B) | Policies put forth by the ZANU-PF to solidify its influence over rural areas. |
| | C) | The death of the local Mahenye chief and his succession by his son. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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| 24 | |
According to Balint and Mashinya, the intended purpose of CAMPFIRE (and CBNRM in general) in Zimbabwe is: |
| | A) | To foster a sense of community between neighboring villages. |
| | B) | To increase the hunting of game that destroy crops. |
| | C) | To provide local people with monetary incentive to protect neighboring reserves. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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| 25 | |
Ahmadu's main concern(s) with most studies of female initiation and the significance of FGC relates to: |
| | A) | The insistence that FGC be medicalized. |
| | B) | The insistence that FGC is necessarily harmful. |
| | C) | The insistence that there is an urgent needs stop FGC in the communities where it is practiced. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
| | E) | b and c only. |
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| 26 | |
According to the Population Reference Bureau, many international conventions: |
| | A) | Protect FGM as an important cultural practice in many places. |
| | B) | Allow governments to intervene and stop the practice of FGM only in cases where it causes health problems. |
| | C) | Allow each country to decide how they want to deal with cultural FGM practices. |
| | D) | Recognize traditional practices such as FGM as violations of human rights. |
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| 27 | |
According to Schroeder, what did the women in Kerewan gain from the intra-household negotiations that took place as a result of the garden boom? |
| | A) | A new autonomy that brought increased social freedoms and obligations. |
| | B) | Increased political power within the community. |
| | C) | Privilege and prestige similar to that held by men under the traditional patriarchal system. |
| | D) | Complete social and economic freedom from their husbands. |
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| 28 | |
Human Rights Watch states that Kenya is violating its obligations under international law by: |
| | A) | Failing to modify social and cultural practices that are discriminatory towards women. |
| | B) | Interfering with cultural customs. |
| | C) | Refusing to address the connection between HIV/AIDS and a lack of property rights for women. |
| | D) | Creating laws that take away women's property rights. |
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| 29 | |
Hilts, who champions Botswana's program as a beacon of hope for AIDS victims in Africa, claims that: |
| | A) | without the help of Western doctors, little progress would have been made in Botswana. |
| | B) | the lessons learned in Botswana should be duplicated in all other countries in Africa, regardless of the severity of the AIDS epidemic. |
| | C) | Botswana needs to encourage more of its doctors to return after medical training abroad to manage their (new) substantial HIV/AIDS infrastructure. |
| | D) | patience, comprehensiveness, and generosity allowed for massive success in one of Africa's most-HIV-affected nations. |
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| 30 | |
Creese et al., who see severe gaps in the literature on cost-effectiveness of HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment, argue that: |
| | A) | more research about cost-effectiveness will allow for better choices about using limited financial resources to fight HIV/AIDS |
| | B) | while it is useful to consider other factors when choosing HIV/AIDS interventions, cost-effectiveness remains the most important, thus deserving more attention |
| | C) | prevention interventions are always the most cost-effective, but there is not enough data for each type of preventive measure |
| | D) | treatments are always more cost-effective, but the range of physical effectiveness and specificity for patients discourages leaders from promoting this path |
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| 31 | |
Bratton and Mattes found that satisfaction with democracy among African citizens in the countries studied depends on: |
| | A) | The government's performance in delivering political goods. |
| | B) | The government's performance in delivering economic goods. |
| | C) | The government's performance in delivering both political and economic goods, although the provision of political goods is a better predictor of satisfaction with democracy. |
| | D) | The government's performance in delivering both political and economic goods, although the provision of economic goods is a better predictor of satisfaction with democracy. |
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| 32 | |
According to Barkan, why do "realists" believe that the increase in the number of multi-party elections that have taken place in Africa is not a good indication of democratic progress? |
| | A) | Many of these multi-party elections either did not result in a change of government or were not considered to be free and fair. |
| | B) | In many countries, the leaders that have been elected through multi-party elections have not advanced democracy within the country. |
| | C) | The protection of civil liberties is a better indicator of democratic progress than multi-party elections. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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| 33 | |
In explaining the rise of women in parliament post-genocide, Powley points to all of the following factors EXCEPT: |
| | A) | Grassroots organization activity promoting women's rights. |
| | B) | A constitutional amendment guaranteeing women seats in parliament. |
| | C) | International pressure to include women in government. |
| | D) | A post-genocide demography that left women in the majority, thus increasing their responsibilities. |
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| 34 | |
Hogg argues that women's identities in post-conflict Rwanda have been 'subjectified' in what way? |
| | A) | Women are now seen as helpless subjects due to the brutality they suffered during the genocide. |
| | B) | Women are perceived as being power holders and heads of households and are looked at with increased respect. |
| | C) | Women are assumed to have a different relationship to politics solely based on their gender. |
| | D) | Women are seen to be just as responsible for the genocide as men. |
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| 35 | |
Rotberg attributes Africa's leadership deficit to several factors, including: |
| | A) | The tendency of the African electorate to acquiesce for long periods to the autocratic actions of their leaders. |
| | B) | The lack of a hegemonic bourgeoisie that is independent of government. |
| | C) | Presidents who believe they are the embodiment of the state. |
| | D) | All of the above |
| | E) | a and c only |
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| 36 | |
What is the main reason why Goldsmith believes increased democratization will encourage more responsible leadership in Africa? |
| | A) | It creates a less hazardous political environment, which decreases the incentives for leaders to use their power for their own purposes. |
| | B) | Leaders will be more responsive to the needs of the people so that they can get re-elected. |
| | C) | It will end the practice of using military coups to enact political change. |
| | D) | Leaders chosen through popular support are less likely to be corrupt. |
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| 37 | |
According to Gompert, who is wary of non-African peacekeepers to control genocide and violence in Sudan: |
| | A) | peacekeeping does not work no matter who is doing the job. |
| | B) | international and national forces need be given the right and responsibility to end genocide when it becomes apparent that peace talks aren't working. |
| | C) | the UN should train their peacekeepers more effectively to prevent violence. |
| | D) | the UN should replace the African Union as peacekeepers in Darfur. |
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| 38 | |
Udombana argues that the Darfur conflict has been allowed to rage on under the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS) because of: |
| | A) | historic flaws in the peacekeeping model set up by the United Nations. |
| | B) | operational, logistical and funding problems. |
| | C) | the United Nations' overbearing intervention, which undermines the power of the AMIS. |
| | D) | a lack of political will by AU countries to put pressure on Sudan. |
| | E) | b and d |
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