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| 1 | |
George Gill believes that race is a useful concept because |
| | A) | it provides a set of identifying characteristics that are independent of environment. |
| | B) | it shows the independence of skeletal and surface features, such as skin color. |
| | C) | it correlates with differences in blood factors. |
| | D) | it helps forensic anthropologists identify people from their remains. |
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| 2 | |
C. Loring Brace believes that races as biological entities do not exist because |
| | A) | biological differences between adjacent populations are small. |
| | B) | migrations have confused the boundaries of races. |
| | C) | intermarriage has broken down the once pure geographical races. |
| | D) | the idea of race inevitably leads to racism. |
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| 3 | |
Richard Wrangham and Dale Peterson, who believe that humans are inherently violent, argue that this social pattern is universal among human males because |
| | A) | communities are defended by related men. |
| | B) | communities are based on ties between mothers and their children. |
| | C) | males move to neighboring communities when they marry. |
| | D) | males are only aggressive toward other males. |
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| 4 | |
Robert W. Sussman, who does not believe that humans are inherently violent, attributes human violence mainly to culture, arguing that the behavior of modern chimpanzees is irrelevant to the question of whether or not human males are innately violent because |
| | A) | gorillas are more closely related to humans than are chimps. |
| | B) | the common ancestor of chimps and humans may have behaved differently than modern chimps. |
| | C) | chimps are only violent in captivity. |
| | D) | chimps are only violent when competing for females. |
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| 5 | |
Bruce Bradley and Dennis Stanford, who believe that the earliest human immigrants to the Americas came from Europe, base their assertion on all but which one of the following? |
| | A) | The similarity between Clovis and Solutrean material culture. |
| | B) | The similarity between the skeletal remains of Solutrean
peoples and Clovis peoples. |
| | C) | The lack of evidence for immigrants coming from northeastern Asia. |
| | D) | The location of the earliest Clovis sites in the Americas. |
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| 6 | |
Lawrence Guy Straus rejects the hypothesis that the earliest human immigrants to the Americas were descendants of the Solutrean people of southern Europe for all but which one of the following reasons? |
| | A) | There is no evidence that Solutreans had boats. |
| | B) | Solutreans were adapted to hunting terrestrial game. |
| | C) | Clovis tools are too different from Solutrean tools. |
| | D) | Clovis tools appear too early to have been derived from Solutrean tools. |
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| 7 | |
Archaeologists Donald K. Grayson and David J. Meltzer reject the hypothesis that human hunters caused the extinction of the North American megafauna because |
| | A) | no megafauna bones have been found in conjunction with stone tools. |
| | B) | the megafauna were already extinct by the time humans arrived south of the ice sheet. |
| | C) | few sites exist that contain megafauna bones. |
| | D) | the stone tools of the Clovis people would have been unable to penetrate the skin of large animals such as mammoths. |
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| 8 | |
Archaeologists Stuart Fiedel and Gary Haynes reject the hypothesis that climate change caused the extinction of the North American megafauna because, according to them, |
| | A) | the climate did not change appreciably until after the extinctions took place. |
| | B) | the megafauna could have moved north as the climate became warmer. |
| | C) | the megafauna were adapted to a wide range of temperature and rainfall patterns. |
| | D) | the warming climate would have been favorable to the survival of the megafauna. |
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| 9 | |
In the specific case of Cowboy Wash, Billman, Lambert, and Leonard argue that cannibalism was most likely: |
| | A) | Due to a raiding group of outsiders from Mexico. |
| | B) | Due to the practice of witchcraft. |
| | C) | Driven by a need for a source of nourishment in a time of famine. |
| | D) | Caused by conflict between two or more communities. |
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| 10 | |
Which of the following best characterized Dongoske, Martin, and Ferguson's primary concerns with Billman, Lambert, and Leonard's essay? |
| | A) | Billman et al. do not take Native American oral traditions into account. |
| | B) | Billman et al. do not consider the impact of their paper on Native American sensibilities. |
| | C) | Billman et al. generalize from one possible but weakly documented case of cannibalism to make assertions about all Anasazi in the region. |
| | D) | Billman et al. improperly ignore contradictory data from nearby Anasazi sites at Mesa Verde. |
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| 11 | |
E. S. Savage-Rumbaugh, who believes that apes can learn language, emphasizes that Kanzi, in contrast to other apes, learned symbols by |
| | A) | having humans shape his hands into signs. |
| | B) | observing humans point to the symbols or objects while speaking the words. |
| | C) | receiving treats when he signed the correct word. |
| | D) | responding to questions. |
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| 12 | |
According to Joel Wallman, who does not believe that apes can learn language, the most serious error of behaviorist theories of language acquisition is the assertion that |
| | A) | words can be stimuli for further words. |
| | B) | words can be responses to external stimuli alone. |
| | C) | words can be both responses to stimuli and stimuli themselves. |
| | D) | preschool children need intensive training to learn language. |
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| 13 | |
Ken Hale, who believes that anthropologists and linguists should be concerned about losing endangered languages, argues that modern-day language loss is part of a larger process of: |
| | A) | the loss of biological and genetic diversity. |
| | B) | expanding generation gaps between parents and children. |
| | C) | the loss of cultural and intellectual diversity. |
| | D) | the formation of a more egalitarian world community. |
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| 14 | |
Peter Ladefoged, who does not believe that protecting endangered languages should be the linguist's or anthropologist's responsibility, instead argues that |
| | A) | anthropologists and linguists should help contribute to the extinction of an endangered language. |
| | B) | in some contexts, language loss could be viewed as a positive process. |
| | C) | anthropologists and linguists have no right to be studying a community's "sacred" language in the first place. |
| | D) | anthropologists and linguists are exaggerating the degree to which languages are actually endangered. |
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| 15 | |
Clifford Geertz rejects the idea that anthropology is like the natural sciences. He says anthropologists should do "thick description," which involves |
| | A) | minutely recording the physical characteristics of human actions. |
| | B) | classifying actions in objective categories. |
| | C) | determining the causes and effects of human actions. |
| | D) | determining what the person's intentions are in performing an action. |
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| 16 | |
According to Carneiro, the primary job of cultural anthropology is to |
| | A) | interpret the meanings of social actions. |
| | B) | explain social actions in terms of real-world causes and effects. |
| | C) | explain social actions in terms of the actors' psychological states. |
| | D) | celebrate the diversity of humanity's cultural creations. |
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| 17 | |
According to Derek Freeman, who believes that Margaret Mead's fieldwork on Samoan adolescents was fundamentally flawed, the theory of cultural determinism to which Mead subscribes states that |
| | A) | people's beliefs determine their behavior. |
| | B) | social conditioning molds all human thoughts and behaviors. |
| | C) | people's behaviors are jointly shaped by their culture and their biological nature. |
| | D) | culture shapes people's artistic expressions while biology shapes their emotions. |
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| 18 | |
Lowell D. Holmes and Ellen Rhoads Holmes, who do not believe that Margaret Mead's fieldwork on Samoan adolescents was fundamentally flawed, defend Mead's conclusion that adolescence was easier in Samoa than in the United States, but they admit that her report contains all of the following flaws except that she |
| | A) | underestimates how competitive Samoan society was. |
| | B) | exaggerates the degree of sexual freedom enjoyed by Samoans. |
| | C) | neglects the influence of Christianity on her informants. |
| | D) | underestimates the amount of affection that existed between spouses and lovers. |
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| 19 | |
According to Roger M. Keesing, who believes that native peoples today invent their traditions, what is the main reason why native peoples accept these "inventions" as traditional? |
| | A) | Native peoples do not know very much about their past. |
| | B) | Most native peoples had no written histories. |
| | C) | There are political incentives for accepting invented traditions as traditional ones. |
| | D) | Invented traditions often appeal to tourists, thus providing economic incentives to believe in the new traditions. |
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| 20 | |
Haunani-Kay Trask, who does not believe that native peoples today invent their traditions, argues that Keesing's article is "a gem of academic colonialism." What is the main reason she believes this to be true? |
| | A) | Keesing, like most anthropologists, does not know much about the distant past of the native communities that he studies. |
| | B) | Most anthropologists do not ask the native elders about native traditions. |
| | C) | Keesing does not believe what the native elders say about native traditions. |
| | D) | Keesing's assertions about the invention of native traditions is another way to show that white anthropologists are better than the native peoples. |
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| 21 | |
Steven Goldberg, who does not believe that sexually egalitarian societies exist, contends that men hold most of the high-prestige positions in all societies because of |
| | A) | socialization. |
| | B) | neuro-endocrinological factors. |
| | C) | historical circumstances. |
| | D) | parental roles. |
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| 22 | |
Which of the following is not an explanation offered by Kirk and Karen Endicott for the fact that men did not dominate women among the Batek of Malaysia? |
| | A) | Batek women were not dependent on any particular man for their own survival but could generally get whatever they needed on their own. |
| | B) | Authority was dispersed among the members of the Batek band. |
| | C) | The Batek are extremely non-violent. |
| | D) | Batek men think that Batek women are inherently polluting and have instituted a variety of taboos to control men’s behavior. |
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| 23 | |
Which of the following is a point of contention between Linda Stone and Peter Wood on the institution of marriage in human societies? |
| | A) | All societies have some form of marriage at the heart of their domestic lives. |
| | B) | The form of domestic relationship generally referred to as marriage has been observed to take on a variety of different specific forms. |
| | C) | Anthropologists have little disagreement about how to define marriage as a universal human social institution. |
| | D) | Rights given to different partners in a marriage varies in different cultures. |
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| 24 | |
Which of the following views about marriage would likely be shared by both Linda Stone and Peter Wood? |
| | A) | What anthropologists observe as standard social patterns in non-Western societies should be used as a model for what Americans should do. |
| | B) | What anthropologists observe as standard social patterns in non-Western societies should have no relevance for how Americans view the institution of marriage. |
| | C) | Anthropologists have observed considerable diversity in the world’s diverse cultures and thus it is difficult to apply these patterns as having any relevance for the American institution of marriage. |
| | D) | From anthropological studies over the past century we have learned that in all human societies marriage is an important social institution. |
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| 25 | |
Roger Ivar Lohmann, who believes that the natural-supernatural distinction exists in all cultures, argues that the supernatural can best be understood as |
| | A) | a ubiquitous reflection of colonial activity in non-Western countries. |
| | B) | a mental model that depicts one or more nonhuman, sentient, volitional agencies that are understood to be the ultimate cause of elements of physical reality. |
| | C) | a term used by anthropologists for non-existent beings. |
| | D) | a synonym for pagan religions. |
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| 26 | |
Frederick P. Lampe, who does not believe that the natural-supernatural necessarily exists in all cultures, is most concerned that the use of the term "supernatural" by anthropologists will |
| | A) | perpetuate an unhealthy power differential between researcher and subject. |
| | B) | incorrectly suggest to the subjects of anthropologists' research that their religious beliefs are being mocked. |
| | C) | undermine an anthropologist's ability to understand the rituals of a particular culture. |
| | D) | allow anthropologists to force and facilitate religious change in the societies that they study. |
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| 27 | |
According to James R. Denbow and Edwin N. Wilmsen, who believe that San hunter-gatherers are basically pastoralists who have lost their herds, recent archaeological evidence from the Kalahari Desert refutes the view that the San |
| | A) | lived there as isolated hunter-gatherers until recently. |
| | B) | traded skins and ivory for food in the nineteenth century. |
| | C) | have long followed a mixed agropastoral and foraging economy. |
| | D) | first moved into the Kalahari during the last 300 years. |
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| 28 | |
Richard B. Lee, who does not believe that the San hunter-gatherers are basically pastoralists who have lost their herds, rejects the assumption that |
| | A) | iron-working is incompatible with hunting and gathering. |
| | B) | herding is incompatible with hunting and gathering. |
| | C) | trade necessarily leads to the weaker party being dominated by the stronger party. |
| | D) | trade in manufactured goods is necessarily accompanied by trade in food. |
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| 29 | |
Sangun Suwanlert, who believes that some illnesses exist only among members of a particular culture, argues all of the following, except which one? |
| | A) | There is no direct correspondence between phii pob and Western psychiatric conditions. |
| | B) | Rural Thai people believe that phii pob is caused by sorcery. |
| | C) | Westerners could never suffer from symptoms associated with phii pob. |
| | D) | Tensions between people in a person's social network are a central theme in phii pob. |
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| 30 | |
Robert A. Hahn, who does not believe that some illnesses exist only among members of a particular culture, would regard an illness as culture-bound if |
| | A) | certain cultural conditions are necessary for its occurrence. |
| | B) | those who suffer from the illness tend to be exclusively from a single culture. |
| | C) | the syndrome cannot be understood by members of other cultures. |
| | D) | people from different cultures cannot contract the illness. |
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| 31 | |
Which of the following is not a psychological function of ethnicity in Kakar's psychoanalytic model? |
| | A) | Groups different from one's own group offer a container for undesirable traits felt but not accepted within the group. |
| | B) | Groups different from one's own create within one's own group a sense of superiority. |
| | C) | Differences among ethnic groups explain why some humans have darker skin color than others. |
| | D) | Differences among identifiable groups promote a sense of well-being by encouraging bonds within one's own group. |
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| 32 | |
Anthony Oberschall, who does not believe that ethnic conflict is inevitable, states that ethnic conflict in Bosnia can be characterized by which one of the following models? |
| | A) | primordialist |
| | B) | circumstantialist |
| | C) | neo-evolutionist |
| | D) | sociobiological |
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| 33 | |
According to James Riding In, who believes that the remains of prehistoric Native Americans should be reburied rather than studied, Pawnee religion states that if the remains of the dead are disturbed, |
| | A) | their spirits will wander and harm the living. |
| | B) | enemies may use the remains to perform sorcery against the deceased's group. |
| | C) | the spirit of the deceased cannot be reborn in a Pawnee baby. |
| | D) | the spirit of the deceased will be relegated to an unpleasant underworld. |
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| 34 | |
Clement W. Meighan, who does not believe that the remains of prehistoric Native Americans should be reburied rather than studied, argues that laws enforcing such reburial are a threat to the existence of American archaeology because |
| | A) | only Native Americans would have the right to excavate Native American graves. |
| | B) | archaeologists would be forced to obtain bones from unscrupulous antiquities dealers. |
| | C) | it is a basic principle of science that scholars must preserve their evidence so other scholars can reexamine it. |
| | D) | archaeologists cannot know the identities of the inhabitants of archaeological sites unless they examine their bones. |
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| 35 | |
Patrick Tierney and Terence Turner imply that Napoleon Chagnon exaggerated the amount of violence and aggression in Yanomami society in order to |
| | A) | justify his own aggression toward Yanomami. |
| | B) | maximize the sales of his books on the Yanomami. |
| | C) | support his theory that tribal societies do not have adequate mechanisms for settling disputes. |
| | D) | support his theory that tribal leaders are innately aggressive individuals. |
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| 36 | |
Hagen, Price, and Tooby do not regard Chagnon's method of obtaining the names of dead Yanomami as unethical because |
| | A) | he paid people for the information. |
| | B) | he only sought the information from close relatives of the deceased. |
| | C) | he did not use the names disrespectfully. |
| | D) | he regarded the Yanomami taboo on saying the names of the dead as hindering the ability of doctors to treat their hereditary diseases. |
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| 37 | |
James Clifford, who believes that museums misrepresent ethnic communities around the world, contends that the inclusion of non-Western objects beside modern art objects in the Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) show expresses the |
| | A) | underlying affinities between primitive and modern art. |
| | B) | fact that artistic genius knows no cultural boundaries. |
| | C) | power of the West to appropriate and impose its definitions on the products of non-Western peoples. |
| | D) | movement of modern art back to its primitive roots. |
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| 38 | |
Denis Dutton, who does not believe that museums misrepresent ethnic communities around the world, says that scholars seeking to understand the meaning of a non-Western work of art should begin |
| | A) | by examining the different ways an outsider could perceive the object. |
| | B) | with an exploration of how the object is understood by viewers in a museum. |
| | C) | by allowing art critics to comment on the aesthetic qualities of the artwork. |
| | D) | by ascertaining what the artist and the culture that produced the object consider its meaning to be. |
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