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| 1 | |
According to Robert M. Arnold and Charles W. Lidz, who believe that informed consent is still central to medical ethics, the process model assumes that |
| | A) | each party has something to contribute to the decision-making process. |
| | B) | the patient's role is to veto or agree to the healthcare professional's recommendation. |
| | C) | the patient's illness is a chronic one requiring a prolonged course of treatment. |
| | D) | explicit decisions do not have to be made at every interaction between doctor and patient. |
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| 2 | |
Onora O'Neill, who does not believe that informed consent is still central to medical ethics, contends that in a "more sophisticated approach to trust" a precondition of genuine trust is |
| | A) | respect. |
| | B) | partnership. |
| | C) | autonomy. |
| | D) | equality. |
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| 3 | |
According to Leslie J. Blackhall et al., who believe that truth-telling should depend on the patient's culture, individuals who wanted the truth were more likely to |
| | A) | be European American. |
| | B) | be Korean American. |
| | C) | have no family. |
| | D) | need hope for survival. |
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| 4 | |
According to Mark Kuczewski and Patrick J. McCruden, who do not believe that truth-telling should depend on the patient's culture, patients who are told the complete truth generally experience |
| | A) | severe depression. |
| | B) | a sense of helplessness. |
| | C) | very little harm. |
| | D) | extreme harm. |
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| 5 | |
In earlier decades, ethical drugs were defined as those |
| | A) | with no life-threatening side effects. |
| | B) | with no addictive capacity. |
| | C) | made from natural plant ingredients. |
| | D) | available only through a physician's prescription. |
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| 6 | |
Paul Antony maintains that at the heart of drug companies' direct-to-consumer advertising is |
| | A) | patient education. |
| | B) | strengthening the relationship between physicians and patients. |
| | C) | increasing consumer trust in pharmaceutical companies. |
| | D) | generating revenue to support new drug research. |
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| 7 | |
Angela Fagerlin and Carl E. Schneider, who believe that advance directives have failed, cite evidence that says, if people are asked what their living will says, the modal answer, in its entirety, is, "It says I don't want to |
| | A) | suffer." |
| | B) | be a vegetable." |
| | C) | be a burden to my family." |
| | D) | live without hope." |
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| 8 | |
Susan E. Hickman et al., who do not believe that advance directives have failed, say that the only advance-directive question patients may hear over the years, even as their health is declining, is, "Do you have an advanced directive?" as |
| | A) | most physicians want to make certain the answer is "yes." |
| | B) | if this is of interest to the doctor, which it usually is not. |
| | C) | required by the Patient Self-Determination Act. |
| | D) | an occasional matter of doctor-patient courtesy. |
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| 9 | |
The American Medical Association, which believes that palliative sedation is ethically different from active euthanasia, explains that it is important to consider palliative sedation from the perspectives of all of the following, except |
| | A) | economy. |
| | B) | non-maleficence. |
| | C) | beneficence. |
| | D) | autonomy. |
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| 10 | |
Margaret P. Battin, who does not believe that palliative sedation is ethically different from active euthanasia, claims that in palliative sedation, death typically results from or is accelerated by |
| | A) | intentional overdose. |
| | B) | accidental overdose. |
| | C) | induced dehydration. |
| | D) | natural dehydration. |
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| 11 | |
According to Marcia Angell, who believes that physicians should be allowed to assist in patient suicide, in which one of the following scenarios do patients play an active, and therefore, voluntary, role? |
| | A) | advance directives |
| | B) | physician-assisted suicide |
| | C) | euthanasia |
| | D) | withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments |
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| 12 | |
According to Kathleen M. Foley, who believes that physicians should not be allowed to assist in patient suicide, which of the following will be a consequence of legalizing physician-assisted suicide? |
| | A) | legalization of euthanasia |
| | B) | abandonment of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment |
| | C) | dismissal of advance directives |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 13 | |
Patrick Lee and Robert P. George, who believe that abortion is immoral, include all of the following as important points with regard to the human embryo except that the embryo |
| | A) | has as much potential to become a mature human as the sperm and ova do. |
| | B) | is from the start distinct from any cell of the mother or father. |
| | C) | is human. |
| | D) | is a complete or whole organism, though immature. |
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| 14 | |
Margaret Olivia Little, who does not believe that abortion is immoral, states that for a fetus, to live is to |
| | A) | have a complete brain. |
| | B) | receive aid. |
| | C) | feel pain. |
| | D) | have a beating heart. |
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| 15 | |
In South Carolina, after giving birth to an infant after using crack cocaine in the last trimester of her pregnancy, Cornelia Whitner was arrested and convicted on charges of |
| | A) | child abuse. |
| | B) | attempted manslaughter. |
| | C) | child neglect. |
| | D) | aggravated assault. |
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| 16 | |
The drug-screening program for pregnant women at the Medical University of South Carolina was eventually suspended because |
| | A) | there was a lack of funding. |
| | B) | it was determined that the program constituted unapproved human experimentation. |
| | C) | too few women were willing to participate in the program. |
| | D) | the federal government required that women testing positive be referred to law enforcement authorities. |
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| 17 | |
The Golden Rule in contemporary bioethics is that |
| | A) | doctors should be acting as partners with their patients. |
| | B) | doctors should provide the minimum amount of intervention necessary to treat their patients. |
| | C) | competent adults should be empowered to make health care decisions for themselves. |
| | D) | children must be treated with as much respect and dignity as adult patients. |
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| 18 | |
Robert F. Weir and Charles Peters cite an earlier publication in which the author argues that a person's ability to make "authentic choices" about his or her healthcare depends on all of the following factors except |
| | A) | the duration of the illness. |
| | B) | capacity for logical thought patterns. |
| | C) | a willingness to make decisions independent of authority figures. |
| | D) | a physiological understanding of illness. |
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| 19 | |
In the middle of the twentieth century, some physicians prescribed hormone treatments for children to influence their |
| | A) | timing of puberty. |
| | B) | athletic coordination. |
| | C) | height. |
| | D) | weight. |
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| 20 | |
Ashley's parents, as reported by Sarah E. Shannon, were motivated to limit her eventual size because they |
| | A) | found her most appealing as an infant. |
| | B) | wanted to continue caring for her at home. |
| | C) | were uncomfortable with the reaction of strangers when they took her out in public. |
| | D) | believed this could increase her overall life expectancy. |
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| 21 | |
Joseph E. Balog, who believes that vaccination for HVP should be mandated for teenage girls, reminds us that in the early 1950s, hysteria erupted across the United States in the wake of a rash of new cases of |
| | A) | smallpox. |
| | B) | influenza. |
| | C) | polio. |
| | D) | measles. |
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| 22 | |
Gail Javitt, Lawrence O. Gostin, and Deena Berkowitz, who do not believe that vaccination for HVP should be mandated for teenage girls, point out that for all manufacturers of FDA-approved products, there is a requirement for post-market |
| | A) | phase IV studies. |
| | B) | stage-two trials. |
| | C) | surveillance. |
| | D) | adverse event reporting. |
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| 23 | |
In the early twentieth century in the United States, eugenics experiments were taking place that involved |
| | A) | maintaining a separation of racial groups. |
| | B) | denying some immigrants full privileges. |
| | C) | forced sterilization of some individuals. |
| | D) | attempts to identify individuals likely to become criminals. |
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| 24 | |
Modern philosophers and political theorists tend to back away from questions about the proper stance of human beings toward the given world, according to Michael J. Sandel, because these questions |
| | A) | often have shifting answers. |
| | B) | require complex explanations. |
| | C) | do not translate easily into public policy. |
| | D) | verge on theology. |
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| 25 | |
In his statement, Gregory E. Kaebnick, who believes that the potential benefits of synthetic biology outweigh the possible risks, gives considerable attention to the research conducted at |
| | A) | Shell Oil Company. |
| | B) | the Plastics Division of Dow Chemical Company. |
| | C) | Synthetic Genomics, Inc. |
| | D) | the American Council on Biomedical Ethics. |
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| 26 | |
Christopher J. Preston, who does not believe that the potential benefits of synthetic biology outweigh the possible risks, mentions that environmental ethicists Aldo Leopold and Holmes Rolston III both point to the fact that the naturalness of wild nature |
| | A) | will not survive the twenty-first century. |
| | B) | carries moral weight. |
| | C) | is incorruptible. |
| | D) | is an infinite mystery. |
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| 27 | |
Emil J. Freireich, who believes that new drugs should be given to patients outside clinical trials, explains that phase II clinical trials are designed to |
| | A) | disguise the negative results from phase I. |
| | B) | placate the FDA. |
| | C) | prolong profitable research. |
| | D) | give the highest probability of a positive outcome. |
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| 28 | |
George J. Annas, who does not believe that new drugs should be given to patients outside clinical trials, equates the Abigail case with |
| | A) | tax fraud. |
| | B) | uncontrolled medical experimentation. |
| | C) | physician-assisted suicide. |
| | D) | lax drunken-driving laws. |
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| 29 | |
Neal Dickert and Jeremy Sugarman, who believe that community consultation in research protects vulnerable groups, note that community consultation should not be mistaken for community |
| | A) | empowerment. |
| | B) | consent. |
| | C) | participation. |
| | D) | politics. |
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| 30 | |
Eric T. Juengst, who does not who believe that community consultation in research protects vulnerable groups, explains that the euphemism in clinical medicine for a half-hearted attempt to resuscitate a terminally ill patient in cardiac arrest when the clinicians actually think resuscitation is futile is |
| | A) | calling a code. |
| | B) | slow code. |
| | C) | saving the code. |
| | D) | cold code. |
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| 31 | |
Sara Rosenbaum and Jonathan Gruber, who believe that it is fair to require individuals to purchase health insurance, make a metaphoric connection between courtroom litigation and the concept of truth explored in the movie |
| | A) | Rashomon. |
| | B) | Kramer vs. Kramer. |
| | C) | The Big Clock. |
| | D) | The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. |
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| 32 | |
Glen Whitman, who does not believe that it is fair to require individuals to purchase health insurance, notes that supporters of the individual mandate include (at the time of his report in 2007) all of the following, except |
| | A) | California's Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger. |
| | B) | Robert Moffit of the Heritage Foundation. |
| | C) | Massachusetts' Governor Mitt Romney. |
| | D) | Dr. Robert Sewell, a Texas surgeon. |
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| 33 | |
Sally Satel, who believes that there should be a market in human organs, tells us that her most personal experience with organ transplants is that |
| | A) | her mother was saved by a donor's kidney. |
| | B) | her cousin died while waiting for a kidney. |
| | C) | she herself is a kidney recipient. |
| | D) | she herself donated a kidney to a perfect stranger. |
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| 34 | |
The Institute of Medicine Committee on Increasing Rates of Organ Donation, which does not believe that there should be a market in human organs, argues that when a person donates an organ, he or she experiences all of the following losses, except the |
| | A) | discomfort of the operation. |
| | B) | opportunity cost of the time involved. |
| | C) | chance to make future donations where the need might be greater. |
| | D) | risk of later adverse health outcomes. |
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| 35 | |
Michael L. Gross, who believes that there is a different medical ethics for wartime, asserts that what trumps other moral constraints on military action is |
| | A) | principle. |
| | B) | pursuit of liberty. |
| | C) | right to life. |
| | D) | utility. |
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| 36 | |
According to M. Gregg Bloche and Jonathan H. Marks, who do not believe that there is a different medical ethics for wartime, when putting their knowledge to use for military ends, doctors act as |
| | A) | physicians. |
| | B) | combatants. |
| | C) | intelligence officers. |
| | D) | soldiers. |
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| 37 | |
Thomas H. Murray, who believes that performance-enhancing drugs should be banned from sports, says that when it comes to performance-enhancing drugs, gene doping, and the panoply of manipulations banned widely in sports, the challenge is mostly about |
| | A) | common sense. |
| | B) | fairness. |
| | C) | legality. |
| | D) | meaning. |
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| 38 | |
Julian Savulescu, Bennett Foddy, and Megan Clayton, who do not believe that performance-enhancing drugs should be banned from sports, point out that much of the writing on the use of drugs in sport is based on |
| | A) | dangerous side effects. |
| | B) | studies performed at prestigious universities. |
| | C) | congressional testimonies. |
| | D) | anecdotal evidence. |
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| 39 | |
Donald W. Herbe, who believes that pharmacists should be allowed to fill prescriptions for emergency contraception, asserts that an effective conscience statute should take into consideration |
| | A) | broad protection against recriminatory action. |
| | B) | efficient administration of pharmacies. |
| | C) | accommodation of patients. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 40 | |
Julie Cantor and Ken Baum, who do not believe that pharmacists should be allowed to fill prescriptions for emergency contraception, state that a distinction between active participation in an abortion and passively dispensing emergency contraception is meaningless because |
| | A) | the patient chooses the physician but not the pharmacist. |
| | B) | both link the provider to the final outcome in the chain of causation. |
| | C) | personal judgment carries the same weight in both forms. |
| | D) | neither the physician nor the pharmacist has a fiduciary obligation in either form. |
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| 41 | |
Norbert Myslinski, who believes that biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease could be a good tool for life planning, notes that currently there is no method for differentiating Alzheimer's disease from other forms of dementia except for |
| | A) | MRI scans of the brain. |
| | B) | spinal taps. |
| | C) | blood cultures. |
| | D) | the process of elimination. |
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| 42 | |
Kenneth Covinsky, who does not believe that biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease could be a good tool for life planning, states that currently, preclinical testing is only intended to be used for |
| | A) | confirming a diagnosis. |
| | B) | assessing risk factors so preventive measures can be taken. |
| | C) | research. |
| | D) | eliminating Alzheimer's as a diagnosis. |
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| 43 | |
Rajeev Raghavan and Ricardo Nuila, who believe that there is an ethical duty to provide healthcare for all immigrants to the United States, note that the majority of their immigrant patients immigrated to the United States |
| | A) | to receive medical treatment. |
| | B) | for education. |
| | C) | to work. |
| | D) | to ensure that their children were born in the United States. |
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| 44 | |
James Dwyer, who does not believe that there is an ethical duty to provide healthcare for all immigrants to the United States, notes that one problem with illegal immigrants is that many do not have insurance that provides |
| | A) | long-term rehabilitation. |
| | B) | emergency care. |
| | C) | preventive care. |
| | D) | prescription coverage. |
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