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| 1 | |
According to Robert M. Arnold and Charles W. Lidz, who believe that informed consent is still central to medical ethics, the process model assumes that |
| | A) | each party has something to contribute to the decision-making process. |
| | B) | the patient's role is to veto or agree to the healthcare professional's recommendation. |
| | C) | the patient's illness is a chronic one requiring a prolonged course of treatment. |
| | D) | explicit decisions do not have to be made at every interaction between doctor and patient. |
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| 2 | |
Onora O'Neill, who does not believe that informed consent is still central to medical ethics, contends that in a "more sophisticated approach to trust" a precondition of genuine trust is |
| | A) | respect. |
| | B) | partnership. |
| | C) | autonomy. |
| | D) | equality. |
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| 3 | |
Jay Wolfson, who believes that surrogate decision-makers may terminate care for a person in a persistent vegetative state, notes that the determination of neurological function is often made based on: |
| | A) | brain waves. |
| | B) | the swallowing test. |
| | C) | verbal ability. |
| | D) | gross motor skills. |
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| 4 | |
Tom Koch, who does not believe that surrogate decision-makers may terminate care for a person in a persistent vegetative state, asserts that perhaps the central issue in ethics and law is what we mean by: |
| | A) | quality of life. |
| | B) | standards of care. |
| | C) | consciousness. |
| | D) | personhood. |
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| 5 | |
The Golden Rule in contemporary bioethics is that |
| | A) | doctors should be acting as partners with their patients. |
| | B) | doctors should provide the minimum amount of intervention necessary to treat their patients. |
| | C) | competent adults should be empowered to make health care decisions for themselves. |
| | D) | children must be treated with as much respect and dignity as adult patients. |
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| 6 | |
Robert F. Weir and Charles Peters cite an earlier publication in which the author argues that a person's ability to make "authentic choices" about his or her healthcare depends on all of the following factors except |
| | A) | the duration of the illness. |
| | B) | capacity for logical thought patterns. |
| | C) | a willingness to make decisions independent of authority figures. |
| | D) | a physiological understanding of illness. |
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| 7 | |
Angela Fagerlin and Carl E. Schneider, who believe that advance directives have failed, cite evidence that says, if people are asked what their living will says, the modal answer, in its entirety, is, “It says I don’t want to |
| | A) | suffer.” |
| | B) | be a vegetable.” |
| | C) | be a burden to my family.” |
| | D) | live without hope.” |
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| 8 | |
Susan E. Hickman et al., who do not believe that advance directives have failed, say that the only advance-directive question patients may hear over the years, even as their health is declining, is, “Do you have an advanced directive?” as |
| | A) | most physicians want to make certain the answer is “yes.” |
| | B) | if this is of interest to the doctor, which it usually is not. |
| | C) | required by the Patient Self-Determination Act. |
| | D) | an occasional matter of doctor-patient courtesy. |
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| 9 | |
The American Medical Association, which believes that palliative sedation is ethically different from active euthanasia, explains that it is important to consider palliative sedation from the perspectives of all of the following, except |
| | A) | economy. |
| | B) | non-maleficence. |
| | C) | beneficence. |
| | D) | autonomy. |
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| 10 | |
Margaret P. Battin, who does not believe that palliative sedation is ethically different from active euthanasia, claims that in palliative sedation, death typically results from or is accelerated by |
| | A) | intentional overdose. |
| | B) | accidental overdose. |
| | C) | induced dehydration. |
| | D) | natural dehydration. |
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| 11 | |
According to Marcia Angell, who believes that physicians should be allowed to assist in patient suicide, in which one of the following scenarios do patients play an active, and therefore, voluntary, role? |
| | A) | advance directives |
| | B) | physician-assisted suicide |
| | C) | euthanasia |
| | D) | withdrawal of life-sustaining treatments |
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| 12 | |
According to Kathleen M. Foley, who believes that physicians should not be allowed to assist in patient suicide, which of the following will be a consequence of legalizing physician-assisted suicide? |
| | A) | legalization of euthanasia |
| | B) | abandonment of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment |
| | C) | dismissal of advance directives |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 13 | |
Patrick Lee and Robert P. George, who believe that abortion is immoral, include all of the following as important points with regard to the human embryo except that the embryo |
| | A) | has as much potential to become a mature human as the sperm and ova do. |
| | B) | is from the start distinct from any cell of the mother or father. |
| | C) | is human. |
| | D) | is a complete or whole organism, though immature. |
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| 14 | |
Margaret Olivia Little, who does not believe that abortion is immoral, states that for a fetus, to live is to |
| | A) | have a complete brain. |
| | B) | receive aid. |
| | C) | feel pain. |
| | D) | have a beating heart. |
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| 15 | |
David Orentlicher, who believes that there should be legal limits on how many embryos can be transferred into a woman who wants to be pregnant, lists all of the following as reasons for multiple-embryo transfers except: |
| | A) | financial considerations. |
| | B) | increasing the likelihood of having at least one child. |
| | C) | desire for the fame that comes with having multiples. |
| | D) | declining fertility in older women. |
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| 16 | |
John A. Robertson, who does not believe that there should be legal limits on how many embryos can be transferred into a woman who wants to be pregnant, does not think that the “Octomom” case will bring major changes to how IVF is conducted and regulated, in part because: |
| | A) | the physician who performed the implantation has lost his license. |
| | B) | most people see nothing wrong with what happened. |
| | C) | the case involved breaking laws already in place. |
| | D) | the case is such an outlier. |
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| 17 | |
Liles Burke, who believes that a pregnant woman should be punished for exposing her fetus to risk, rebuts the appeal in the conviction of Hope Elisabeth Ankrom for exposing her child to: |
| | A) | methamphetamines. |
| | B) | marijuana. |
| | C) | heroin. |
| | D) | cocaine. |
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| 18 | |
Lynn M. Paltrow, who does not believe a pregnant woman should be punished for exposing her fetus to risk, notes that during the height of the "crack baby" hype, infants born after exposure to crack cocaine in the womb were said to display all of the following symptoms except: |
| | A) | an inability to make eye contact. |
| | B) | listlessness. |
| | C) | a tendency to emit high-pitched piercing wails. |
| | D) | rigid postures. |
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| 19 | |
Dr. David Waisel, who believes that physicians should be allowed to participate in executions, states that in his view, participation in a horrible detail to benefit another person is: |
| | A) | a horrifying prospect. |
| | B) | normal for a physician. |
| | C) | within the scope of the government to order. |
| | D) | true altruism. |
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| 20 | |
Dr. Atul Gawande, who does not believe that physicians should be allowed to participate in executions, describes the problem that occurs when the drugs used for executions are mixed together before being administered; the problem is that: |
| | A) | the drugs precipitate into a sludge that clogs the syringe. |
| | B) | the drugs do not operate in the order desired. |
| | C) | a chemical interaction occurs so that the effects of the drugs are nullified. |
| | D) | the dosages cannot be calculated correctly. |
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| 21 | |
Donald W. Herbe, who believes that pharmacists should be allowed to fill prescriptions for emergency contraception, asserts that an effective conscience statute should take into consideration |
| | A) | broad protection against recriminatory action. |
| | B) | efficient administration of pharmacies. |
| | C) | accommodation of patients. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 22 | |
Julie Cantor and Ken Baum, who do not believe that pharmacists should be allowed to fill prescriptions for emergency contraception, state that a distinction between active participation in an abortion and passively dispensing emergency contraception is meaningless because |
| | A) | the patient chooses the physician but not the pharmacist. |
| | B) | both link the provider to the final outcome in the chain of causation. |
| | C) | personal judgment carries the same weight in both forms. |
| | D) | neither the physician nor the pharmacist has a fiduciary obligation in either form. |
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| 23 | |
The President’s Council on Bioethics, which thinks that the use of medical tools to enhance human beings is morally troubling, notes that one of the Council members has dubbed the “Promethean aspiration to remake nature, including human nature, to serve our purposes and to satisfy our desires,” as: |
| | A) | playing God. |
| | B) | totally unnatural. |
| | C) | hyper-agency. |
| | D) | morally suspect. |
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| 24 | |
Howard Trachtman, who does not think that the use of medical tools to enhance human beings is morally troubling, argues that there is little reason to fear or limit programs for medical enhancement, as: |
| | A) | people will seek underhanded methods for enhancement regardless. |
| | B) | this work will likely never deliver on all great expectations. |
| | C) | they will ultimately only benefit a small number of people. |
| | D) | any small success will be of great, even lifesaving, benefit to some. |
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| 25 | |
Thomas H. Murray, who believes that performance-enhancing drugs should be banned from sports, says that when it comes to performance-enhancing drugs, gene doping, and the panoply of manipulations banned widely in sports, the challenge is mostly about |
| | A) | common sense. |
| | B) | fairness. |
| | C) | legality. |
| | D) | meaning. |
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| 26 | |
Julian Savulescu, Bennett Foddy, and Megan Clayton, who do not believe that performance-enhancing drugs should be banned from sports, point out that much of the writing on the use of drugs in sport is based on |
| | A) | dangerous side effects. |
| | B) | studies performed at prestigious universities. |
| | C) | congressional testimonies. |
| | D) | anecdotal evidence. |
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| 27 | |
In the middle of the twentieth century, some physicians prescribed hormone treatments for children to influence their |
| | A) | timing of puberty. |
| | B) | athletic coordination. |
| | C) | height. |
| | D) | weight. |
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| 28 | |
Ashley’s parents, as reported by Sarah E. Shannon, were motivated to limit her eventual size because they |
| | A) | found her most appealing as an infant. |
| | B) | wanted to continue caring for her at home. |
| | C) | were uncomfortable with the reaction of strangers when they took her out in public. |
| | D) | believed this could increase her overall life expectancy. |
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| 29 | |
Mark A. Bedau, who believes that scientists should create artificial organisms, believes the quality that opens the door to synthetic biology’s great intrinsic scientific value, as demonstrated by the work of the J. Craig Venter Institute, is: |
| | A) | endless variability. |
| | B) | unexpected randomness. |
| | C) | arbitrary programmability. |
| | D) | complete containability. |
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| 30 | |
Christopher J. Preston, who does not believe that the potential benefits of synthetic biology outweigh the possible risks, mentions that environmental ethicists Aldo Leopold and Holmes Rolston III both point to the fact that the naturalness of wild nature: |
| | A) | will not survive the twenty-first century. |
| | B) | carries moral weight. |
| | C) | is incorruptible. |
| | D) | is an infinite mystery. |
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| 31 | |
Karen Davenport, who thinks that an individual mandate to purchase health insurance is fair, notes that the idea for an individual mandate began in the late 1980s and early 1990s with: |
| | A) | the Green Party led by Ralph Nader. |
| | B) | socialist politicians in Europe. |
| | C) | President Bill Clinton’s healthcare reform panel. |
| | D) | a group of conservative health-policy experts. |
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| 32 | |
Michael F. Cannon, who does not think that an individual mandate to purchase health insurance is fair, argues that if the goal of the mandate were to promote personal responsibility, Congress could have achieved the same goal by: |
| | A) | mandating exercise programs for all. |
| | B) | enhancing the courts’ ability to collect medical debts. |
| | C) | requiring individuals to find employment that offers health-insurance coverage. |
| | D) | mandating health savings plans. |
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| 33 | |
Rajeev Raghavan and Ricardo Nuila, who believe that there is an ethical duty to provide healthcare for all immigrants to the United States, note that the majority of their immigrant patients immigrated to the United States |
| | A) | to receive medical treatment. |
| | B) | for education. |
| | C) | to work. |
| | D) | to ensure that their children were born in the United States. |
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| 34 | |
James Dwyer, who does not believe that there is an ethical duty to provide healthcare for all immigrants to the United States, notes that one problem with illegal immigrants is that many do not have insurance that provides |
| | A) | long-term rehabilitation. |
| | B) | emergency care. |
| | C) | preventive care. |
| | D) | prescription coverage. |
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| 35 | |
Emil J. Freireich, who believes that new drugs should be given to patients outside clinical trials, explains that phase II clinical trials are designed to |
| | A) | disguise the negative results from phase I. |
| | B) | placate the FDA. |
| | C) | prolong profitable research. |
| | D) | give the highest probability of a positive outcome. |
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| 36 | |
George J. Annas, who does not believe that new drugs should be given to patients outside clinical trials, equates the Abigail case with |
| | A) | tax fraud. |
| | B) | uncontrolled medical experimentation. |
| | C) | physician-assisted suicide. |
| | D) | lax drunken-driving laws. |
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| 37 | |
The risk of death from cervical cancer caused by HPV is far lower in the United States than it is in developing countries because: |
| | A) | there are fewer cancer-causing HPV strains in the United States. |
| | B) | HPV infection rates are low in the United States. |
| | C) | regular screening through the Pap test can detect cancer at an early stage. |
| | D) | the overall general health of women in the United States is better than in developing countries. |
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| 38 | |
The controversy over Guardasil began when Merck, the company making the drug, |
| | A) | began lobbying to have the vaccination necessary for school attendance. |
| | B) | could not verify how long the vaccine would remain active. |
| | C) | published new studies indicating a wide range of rare, but dangerous, side effects. |
| | D) | tried to block the release of a similar vaccine from a different company. |
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| 39 | |
Sally Satel, who believes that there should be a market in human organs, tells us that her most personal experience with organ transplants is that |
| | A) | her mother was saved by a donor’s kidney. |
| | B) | her cousin died while waiting for a kidney. |
| | C) | she herself is a kidney recipient. |
| | D) | she herself donated a kidney to a perfect stranger. |
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| 40 | |
The Institute of Medicine Committee on Increasing Rates of Organ Donation, which does not believe that there should be a market in human organs, argues that when a person donates an organ, he or she experiences all of the following losses, except the |
| | A) | discomfort of the operation. |
| | B) | opportunity cost of the time involved. |
| | C) | chance to make future donations where the need might be greater. |
| | D) | risk of later adverse health outcomes. |
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