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| 1 | |
Emile Durkheim, who believes that crime is beneficial, writes from the discipline of: |
| | A) | sociology. |
| | B) | psychiatry. |
| | C) | psychology. |
| | D) | group dynamics. |
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| 2 | |
According to Daniel Patrick Moynihan, who does not believe that crime is beneficial, society's response to increasing violence has been: |
| | A) | more welfare programs. |
| | B) | greater community policing. |
| | C) | denial. |
| | D) | altruism. |
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| 3 | |
Which one of the following would Adrian Raine, who believes that criminal behavior is biologically determined, say is the biggest predictor of violence? |
| | A) | having a criminal parent. |
| | B) | a history of abuse. |
| | C) | poor nutrition. |
| | D) | low heart rate. |
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| 4 | |
The classical legal reform movement arose during the: |
| | A) | Middle Ages. |
| | B) | Enlightenment. |
| | C) | early twentieth century. |
| | D) | post-World War II decade. |
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| 5 | |
Sean Maddan, Jeffrey Walker, and J. Mitchell Miller, who believe that a person's body type is clearly linked to criminal behavior, attempted to promulgate a hybrid somatotype procedure that took from the works of: |
| | A) | Mendel and Freud. |
| | B) | Glueck and Glueck. |
| | C) | Gibson and Beaver. |
| | D) | Sheldon and Parnell. |
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| 6 | |
As stated by Chris Gibson and Kevin Beaver, who do not believe that a person's body type is clearly linked to criminal behavior, the "golden standard" for experimental designs that attempt to assess causality is: |
| | A) | long-term observation. |
| | B) | correlative grouping. |
| | C) | blind study. |
| | D) | random assignment. |
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| 7 | |
Vincent Bugliosi, who believes that George W. Bush should be prosecuted for war crimes, points out that the only reason Bush could give for going to war in Iraq was that Saddam Hussein had: |
| | A) | weapons of mass destruction. |
| | B) | become the "unfinished objective" begun by Bush's father in the Gulf War. |
| | C) | confessed to masterminding the 9/11 attacks on American soil. |
| | D) | gone into hiding, daring the Bush administration to find him. |
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| 8 | |
John Barry, who does not believe that George W. Bush should be prosecuted for war crimes, perceives the call to arms against Bush's "global war on terror" as being about: |
| | A) | transparency. |
| | B) | accountability. |
| | C) | vengeance. |
| | D) | the rule of law. |
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| 9 | |
According to Andrew A. Moher, who believes that the United States has a right to torture suspected terrorists, legalized torture exists in: |
| | A) | Iraq. |
| | B) | Iran. |
| | C) | Israel. |
| | D) | none of the above. |
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| 10 | |
Elisa Massimino, who does not believe that the United States has a right to torture suspected terrorists, states that "stress and duress techniques" are clearly: |
| | A) | preferred to outright torture by U.S. interrogators. |
| | B) | illegal. |
| | C) | immoral. |
| | D) | sanctioned by the Bush administration. |
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| 11 | |
Jared Taylor and Glayde Whitney, who believe that racial profiling is an acceptable law enforcement strategy, maintain that the best predictor of the local murder rate for regions in the United States is the: |
| | A) | percentage of the population that is poor. |
| | B) | percentage of the population that is black. |
| | C) | rate of hate crime. |
| | D) | rate of robbery and aggravated assault. |
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| 12 | |
With regard to opportunity theory, Michael J. Lynch, who does not believe that racial profiling is an acceptable law enforcement strategy, states that the first parameter of opportunity is defined by the: |
| | A) | number of motivated offenders. |
| | B) | availability of potential targets of crime. |
| | C) | size of a population. |
| | D) | ratio of blacks to whites in a population. |
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| 13 | |
Lawrence Wright, who believes that serious sex offenders should be castrated, concludes that as it stands now, Steven Allen Butler could only be castrated if: |
| | A) | the Supreme Court establishes a precedent in another castration case. |
| | B) | a new "pro-castration" judge is appointed. |
| | C) | he underwent a sex-change operation. |
| | D) | he signed away his basic human rights. |
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| 14 | |
According to Kari A. Vanderzyl, who does not believe that serious sex offenders should be castrated, the notion of involuntary sterilization began with: |
| | A) | the Butler case. |
| | B) | the eugenics movement over a century ago. |
| | C) | Joseph Mengele's Nazi experiments during World War II. |
| | D) | none of the above. |
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| 15 | |
Barry C. Feld, who believes that juvenile courts should be abolished, argues that since the Gault decision (1967): |
| | A) | the operating costs of most juvenile courts have become prohibitive, necessitating their being abolished. |
| | B) | too many juveniles are getting into trouble after they turn 15. |
| | C) | the juvenile court has been transformed from a rehabilitative welfare agency into a scaled-down, second-class criminal court for young people. |
| | D) | juvenile courts suffer from faulty relations with the police and influential members of the public. |
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| 16 | |
Vincent Schiraldi and Jason Ziedenberg, who do not believe that juvenile courts should be abolished, worry that: |
| | A) | almost one-half of all states now allow judges to send children into adult prisons without legal representation. |
| | B) | in some states 14-year-olds can be executed for capital offenses. |
| | C) | fewer minority members are being appointed as juvenile court judges. |
| | D) | legal changes in 43 states make it easier for judges to send children into the adult court system. |
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| 17 | |
As stated by Diana E. H. Russell, who believes that exposure to pornography is related to increased rates of rape, what is most applicable to the relationship between pornography and rape is the concept of: |
| | A) | multiple causation. |
| | B) | simple causation. |
| | C) | sufficient cause. |
| | D) | necessary condition. |
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| 18 | |
Anthony D'Amato, who does not believe that exposure to pornography is related to increased rates of rape, begins by reporting that, over the past 25 years, sexual violence has had: |
| | A) | an 85 percent decline. |
| | B) | a 34 percent decline. |
| | C) | a 2 percent increase. |
| | D) | only an 18 percent increase. |
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| 19 | |
According to Penny A. Robinette, who believes that the segregation of HIV-positive inmates is ethical, HIV is transmitted through: |
| | A) | sharing food, drinks, and cigarettes. |
| | B) | homosexual contact of any sort, coughing on someone, or failing to wash one's hands after sex. |
| | C) | blood transfusions, sexual intercourse, and use of infected hypodermic needles. |
| | D) | causes unknown, which makes the virus both mysterious and deadly. |
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| 20 | |
Billy Long, who does not believe that segregation of HIV-positive inmates is ethical, does admit that HIV is a serious prison problem because: |
| | A) | inmates can now sue if proper treatment is not available. |
| | B) | correctional facilities have many people who exhibit high-risk behavior. |
| | C) | both the public and politicians are prejudiced against HIV-positive inmates. |
| | D) | most prison wardens have no training in this area. |
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| 21 | |
According to Gregory L. Hershberger, who believes that supermax prisons are an appropriate way to punish hardened criminals, most offenders are sent to prison based on: |
| | A) | their behavior in prison. |
| | B) | a direct commitment by the courts. |
| | C) | the severity of their original crime. |
| | D) | gang affiliations and other alliances. |
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| 22 | |
According to Henningsen et al., who do not believe that supermax prisons are an appropriate way to punish hardened criminals, the security housing unit (SIHU) at Pelican Bay: |
| | A) | confines prisoners between 22 and 23 hours per day. |
| | B) | disallows congregate dining. |
| | C) | does not provide religious services to prisoners. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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| 23 | |
Liza Matia, who believes that juveniles who commit murder should be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole, points out that the state that leads the nation in the highest number of juveniles sentenced to life without parole is: |
| | A) | Kentucky. |
| | B) | Pennsylvania. |
| | C) | Florida. |
| | D) | California. |
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| 24 | |
Human Rights Watch, which does not believe that juveniles who commit murder should be sentenced to life in prison without the possibility of parole, reports as fact that, by having at least 2,380 people serving life without parole for crimes they committed when they were under the age of 18, the United States is: |
| | A) | well below the global average. |
| | B) | inspiring other countries to implement their own life-without-parole policies more frequently. |
| | C) | in violation of international law. |
| | D) | second only to Nigeria in the number of such currently served sentences. |
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| 25 | |
Wayne H. Calabrese, who believes that private "for-profit" corporations should be allowed to run U.S. prisons, maintains that private providers save money with respect to all of the following except: |
| | A) | procurement of facility supplies. |
| | B) | employee benefit plans. |
| | C) | a lineal design phase format. |
| | D) | wages and benefits for employees. |
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| 26 | |
According to Jeff Sinden, who does not believe that private "for-profit" corporations should be allowed to run U.S. prisons, the U.S. criminal justice system was seen as ripe for privatization largely as a result of: |
| | A) | a rapid and steady increase in costs of correctional services. |
| | B) | the public's increasing fear of violent crime and criminals. |
| | C) | a sharp and steady increase in the rate of crime. |
| | D) | a rise in antigovernment sentiment in the 1980s. |
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| 27 | |
According to David Von Drehle, who believes that capital punishment is bad policy, the condemned population in the United States in 1994 was: |
| | A) | about 2,000. |
| | B) | more than 3,000. |
| | C) | almost 14,000. |
| | D) | less than 300. |
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| 28 | |
Ernest van den Haag, who does not believe that capital punishment is bad policy, would probably argue that the death penalty has failed as a deterrent because: |
| | A) | it often is carried out by hanging or electrocution. |
| | B) | public executions are no longer allowed. |
| | C) | it is applied too infrequently to serve any purpose. |
| | D) | it violates the Eighth Amendment. |
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| 29 | |
Franklin E. Zimring, who believes that strict gun control laws will reduce the number of homicides in the United States, concludes that a solution to reducing the share of violence with handguns should focus most on: |
| | A) | quantifying the public and personal cost of gun control laws. |
| | B) | creating "gun-free school zones" and other innovations. |
| | C) | identifying the specific strategies and contexts in which regulation can reduce the use of firearms in violent assaults. |
| | D) | asking whether or not criminal prohibition and gun control strategies work. |
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| 30 | |
Lance K. Stell, who does not believe that strict gun control laws will reduce the number of homicides in the United States, defines "strict gun control" (SGC) as an array of legally sanctioned restrictions designed to: |
| | A) | impose firearm scarcity on the general population. |
| | B) | reduce the rate of violent crime. |
| | C) | reduce the rate of injury and death during incidents of violent crime. |
| | D) | reduce the incidence of violence in the hands of otherwise "good citizens." |
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| 31 | |
George L. Kelling and William J. Bratton, who believe that zero tolerance/broken windows policing should be encouraged, are unique in that: |
| | A) | they are both former criminals who now help the police. |
| | B) | neither has any first-hand knowledge of law enforcement. |
| | C) | unlike most scholars, they admit that their approach rarely works. |
| | D) | they provided both intellectual and administrative guidance for a controversial criminal justice program. |
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| 32 | |
Judith A. Greene, who does not believe that zero tolerance/broken windows policing should be encouraged, states that the Compstat system: |
| | A) | puts up-to-date data in the hands of police managers and helps to achieve precinct accountability. |
| | B) | has little measurable impact on the crime problem. |
| | C) | can be effective but is too expensive to maintain. |
| | D) | generates conflict between the police and citizens. |
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| 33 | |
Ethan A. Nadelmann, who believes that marijuana should be legalized, concludes that marijuana prohibition would end quickly if: |
| | A) | more high-profile public figures would admit to recreational usage of marijuana. |
| | B) | the billions of federal dollars spent for marijuana dried up. |
| | C) | marijuana could be marketed like alcohol. |
| | D) | consumers could be made aware of the medical benefits of marijuana. |
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| 34 | |
John P. Walters, who does not believe that marijuana should be egalized, argues that taxing marijuana would not work because: |
| | A) | marijuana can be grown by anyone at home. |
| | B) | the black market forces are too strong. |
| | C) | criminals would easily find ways to evade paying taxes. |
| | D) | implementing the system would be too costly. |
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| 35 | |
According to Eugene H. Methvin, who believes that three strikes and other tough approaches work: |
| | A) | teenagers who have medical problems are most likely to be violent. |
| | B) | at this stage of research, it is not possible to identify violent offenders. |
| | C) | most serious crime is committed by a violent minority of predatory recidivists. |
| | D) | community job corps and prison rehabilitation programs will reduce violence. |
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| 36 | |
What principles of the fast-food restaurant that can be applied to prisons does David Shichor, who does not believe that three strikes and other tough approaches work, identify? |
| | A) | rationality, bureaucratization, institutionalization, and codification. |
| | B) | legitimization, transformation, stigmatization, and rationalization. |
| | C) | efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control. |
| | D) | good menus, sound diets, customer choices, and friendly service. |
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| 37 | |
What did Paul Butler, who believes that jury nullification should be used to reduce ethnic and racial inequities, discover early in his career as Special Assistant United States Attorney in Washington, D.C.? |
| | A) | Black judges would side with black police officers. |
| | B) | Black juries would acquit black defendants even if they thought the defendants were guilty. |
| | C) | The prosecutor's office was unfair to black lawyers. |
| | D) | The press frequently reported trials involving black defendants unfairly. |
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| 38 | |
Randall Kennedy, who does not believe that jury nullification should be used to reduce ethnic and racial inequities, cites as one of the many possible reasons why murder suspect O. J. Simpson was acquitted: |
| | A) | the fact that Simpson refrained from using violence against his wife in the past despite significant provocation. |
| | B) | the serious earthquake that occurred during the trial, which seemed to upset everyone, including the jurors. |
| | C) | the unreasonable suspicion of law enforcement authorities that is typical of many blacks. |
| | D) | the fact that the prosecution purposely fumbled the case because they were sympathetic to the situation of blacks in the criminal justice system. |
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| 39 | |
Stephen Breyer, who believes that confining sex offenders indefinitely in mental hospitals after they have served their prison sentences violates the Constitution, contends that the Kansas Supreme Court's view that treatment was not a particularly important legislative objective is evident in the statute's: |
| | A) | lack of provisions for treatment. |
| | B) | lack of language governing requirements for treatment. |
| | C) | timing provision. |
| | D) | definition of confinement. |
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| 40 | |
According to Clarence Thomas, who does not believe that confining sex offenders indefinitely in mental hospitals after they have served their prison sentences violates the Constitution, Leroy Hendricks himself stated that what would prevent him from molesting children in the future would be: |
| | A) | death. |
| | B) | a lobotomy. |
| | C) | castration. |
| | D) | more intense and longer treatment. |
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| 41 | |
Akhil Reed Amar, who believes that the United States should abolish the exclusionary rule of evidence in criminal cases, would label all of the following as true privacy privileges except: |
| | A) | a witness that pleads the Fifth. |
| | B) | the relationship between a priest and a penitent parishioner. |
| | C) | a spouse called to testify against her husband. |
| | D) | the relationship between a doctor and a patient. |
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| 42 | |
Yale Kamisar, who does not believe that the United States should abolish the exclusionary rule of evidence in criminal cases, reports that the defendant, who benefits from the application of the search and seizure exclusionary rule, is more likely to be a committer of: |
| | A) | rape. |
| | B) | murder. |
| | C) | white-collar crime. |
| | D) | a drug offense. |
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