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| 1 | |
According to the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the precautionary principle requires that we act to prevent serious or irreversible damage: |
| | A) | Even when there is no scientific evidence that harm can or will happen. |
| | B) | Only when the scientific evidence of future harm is clear and incontrovertible. |
| | C) | Even when we lack full scientific certainty. |
| | D) | Only when the benefits are minor. |
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| 2 | |
According to the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, precautions taken under the precautionary principle: |
| | A) | Should be cost-effective. |
| | B) | Should be cost-free. |
| | C) | Should be taken without regard to cost. |
| | D) | Should be taken only if they lack side-effects. |
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| 3 | |
“Sustainability” refers to: |
| | A) | Continuing current levels of resource use. |
| | B) | Continuing to meet human needs. |
| | C) | Keeping the debate over environmental protection going. |
| | D) | Continuing current growth in population and resource use. |
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| 4 | |
What set sustainability firmly on the global agenda and made it an essential part of efforts to deal with global environmental issues and promote equitable economic development? |
| | A) | The Brundtland report. |
| | B) | The Payne-Davidson Compromise. |
| | C) | The Montreal Protocol. |
| | D) | The 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development. |
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| 5 | |
According to John E. Losey and Mace Vaughan, estimating a minimum value for ecosystem services such as pollination: |
| | A) | is a good way to set wages for people who must be hired to replace the service. |
| | B) | is impossible. |
| | C) | is likely to decrease conservation priorities. |
| | D) | may help establish a higher priority for their conservation. |
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| 6 | |
According to John E. Losey and Mace Vaughan, two examples of nature’s “free” services are: |
| | A) | crop pollination and dung burial. |
| | B) | deserts and topsoil. |
| | C) | sunlight and tidal forces. |
| | D) | cloud cover and smog. |
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| 7 | |
According to C. Josh Donlan, large animals such as mammoths and cheetahs disappeared from North America: |
| | A) | After the post-Civil War expansion westward |
| | B) | After the arrival of European settlers in the 1600s |
| | C) | After the arrival of settlers from Asia 13,000 years ago |
| | D) | At about the same time as the dinosaurs disappeared |
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| 8 | |
According to C. Josh Donlan, it is important to concentrate “rewilding” efforts on large animals because: |
| | A) | they have major effects on ecosystems. |
| | B) | they attract major funding. |
| | C) | hunters are much more interested in getting a chance to shoot them. |
| | D) | large predators will help to limit the human population. |
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| 9 | |
According to Benedict S. Cohen, encroachment on military lands by homes, industries, malls, and highways. The result is: |
| | A) | interference with military activities. |
| | B) | easier recruiting. |
| | C) | better training for modern, urban warfare. |
| | D) | all the above |
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| 10 | |
According to Benedict S. Cohen, Congress has set aside 25 million acres of land for the Department of Defense (DoD) to: |
| | A) | protect from all potential environmental damage. |
| | B) | use efficiently and care for properly. |
| | C) | use without regard to any environmental regulations. |
| | D) | train soldiers for future wars. |
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| 11 | |
According to Paul Cicio, capping greenhouse gas emissions will: |
| | A) | create jobs and increase exports. |
| | B) | create jobs and increase imports. |
| | C) | drive jobs offshore and increase imports. |
| | D) | create jobs and save lives. |
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| 12 | |
According to Paul Cicio, the sector of the economy responsible for the greatest growth in greenhouse gas emissions is: |
| | A) | the industrial sector. |
| | B) | the commercial sector. |
| | C) | the transportation sector. |
| | D) | electricity generation. |
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| 13 | |
According to Stephen L. Baird, public support for offshore oil
drilling has recently increased due to: |
| | A) | rising fuel prices. |
| | B) | rising food prices. |
| | C) | rising unemployment. |
| | D) | all the above. |
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| 14 | |
According to Stephen L. Baird, according to a Pew Research Center poll 60 percent of respondents considered: |
| | A) | energy supplies more important than environmental protection. |
| | B) | environmental protection more important than energy supplies. |
| | C) | energy supplies more important than food supplies. |
| | D) | environmental protection more important than food supplies. |
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| 15 | |
According to David G. Hawkins, which of the following is NOT true? |
| | A) | Coal is cheap. |
| | B) | Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel. |
| | C) | Coal is a bigger global warming polluter than any other fuel. |
| | D) | Coal’s contribution to global warming cannot be reduced. |
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| 16 | |
According to David G. Hawkins, by 2030 there will be ______ times as much coal-burning capacity as there is today. |
| | A) | 1.5 |
| | B) | 2.8 |
| | C) | 5 |
| | D) | 10 |
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| 17 | |
According to Susan Petty of AltaRock Energy, Inc., the goal of
generating 20 percent of U.S. electrical power using geothermal energy by 2030 is: |
| | A) | not achievable. |
| | B) | very realistic. |
| | C) | possible if new drilling technologies are promptly developed. |
| | D) | conservative; with suitable investment, we could achieve 50 percent. |
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| 18 | |
According to Susan Petty of AltaRock Energy, Inc., using
conservative calculations, the amount of heat realistically recoverable from depths of 3-10 km beneath the U.S. is about _______times the nation's current energy consumption. |
| | A) | 30 |
| | B) | 300 |
| | C) | 3,000 |
| | D) | 30,000 |
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| 19 | |
According to David Friedman, the benefits of reforming and strengthening fuel economy standards do not include: |
| | A) | cutting the American oil addiction. |
| | B) | satisfying people who want more powerful cars. |
| | C) | saving consumers money. |
| | D) | helping to fight global warming. |
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| 20 | |
According to David Friedman, the average fuel economy of new cars and trucks sold in the U.S. in 2006 was ______ than it was in 1986. |
| | A) | less |
| | B) | greater |
| | C) | much greater |
| | D) | about the same |
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| 21 | |
According to Donald Mitchell, in the two years before July 2008,
the prices of major food staples such as grains and oilseeds: |
| | A) | increased by about ten percent. |
| | B) | declined by about ten percent. |
| | C) | tripled. |
| | D) | doubled. |
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| 22 | |
According to Donald Mitchell, which of the following have
contributed to the increase in food prices? |
| | A) | increased energy prices |
| | B) | changes in land use that reduced supplies of grains and oilseeds |
| | C) | increased demand for animal feed |
| | D) | all the above |
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| 23 | |
According to Iain Murray, the arguments of anti-nuclear activists
revolve around which of the following propositions? |
| | A) | Nuclear power plants are dangerous because they can blow up or melt down. |
| | B) | Nuclear waste is extremely and persistently dangerous. |
| | C) | Nuclear power and nuclear weapons are intrinsically linked. |
| | D) | all the above |
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| 24 | |
According to Iain Murray, the statement that low doses of radiation are a hazard to human health is: |
| | A) | very well documented. |
| | B) | mere assumption. |
| | C) | an overstatement. |
| | D) | an understatement. |
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| 25 | |
According to Robert Paarlberg, when grain export prices started increasing in 2007, many countries acted to: |
| | A) | keep prices from getting out of hand. |
| | B) | limit exports and thereby protect domestic supplies. |
| | C) | limit imports and thereby prevent profiteering. |
| | D) | increase grain production. |
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| 26 | |
According to Robert Paarlberg, in response to the 2007-2008 food price increases, the United States: |
| | A) | restricted grain exports. |
| | B) | increased its budget for international food aid. |
| | C) | reduced production of biofuels. |
| | D) | loosened requirements that food for relief efforts must come from the U.S. |
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| 27 | |
According to Gerald D. Coleman, the problem of hunger in the world is a problem of: |
| | A) | conscience. |
| | B) | technology. |
| | C) | international politics. |
| | D) | corporate greed. |
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| 28 | |
According to Gerald D. Coleman, the number of malnourished people among the world's 6.5 billion people is: |
| | A) | 1.0 billion. |
| | B) | 2 billion. |
| | C) | 2.5 billion. |
| | D) | 3.1 billion. |
| | E) | 3.7 billion. |
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| 29 | |
According to Catherine Badgley, et al., critics of organic
agriculture assert all of the following except: |
| | A) | it cannot produce as much food as intensive conventional methods do. |
| | B) | not enough organically acceptable fertilizer is available. |
| | C) | it will use less land. |
| | D) | all of the above. |
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| 30 | |
According to Catherine Badgley, et al., Model 1 and Model 2 produced the following conclusions: |
| | A) | Model 1: the estimated organic food supply is similar in
magnitude to the current food supply for most food categories |
| | B) | Model 2: the estimated organic food supply exceeds the current food supply in all food categories |
| | C) | Model 1: the estimated organic food supply is much less than the current food supply for all food categories |
| | D) | Model 2: the estimated organic food supply is about the same as the current food supply for most food categories |
| | E) | a and b |
| | F) | c and d |
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| 31 | |
According to Anne Platt McGinn, the malaria death toll rivals that of AIDS but: |
| | A) | Much more money is dedicated to this disease. |
| | B) | The disease receives much less attention from politicians and researchers. |
| | C) | It is not preventable. |
| | D) | It is constantly in the news. |
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| 32 | |
According to Anne Platt McGinn, the preferred approach to malaria control is: |
| | A) | Killing the mosquitoes that carry the parasite. |
| | B) | Killing the parasite once it infects humans. |
| | C) | Keeping the parasite from infecting mosquitoes. |
| | D) | Keeping mosquitoes from biting people. |
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| 33 | |
According to Michele L. Trankina, a growing body of evidence indicates that hormone or endocrine-disrupting chemicals can cause developmental and reproductive abnormalities in humans and animals. In humans, concern centers on: |
| | A) | Premature puberty |
| | B) | Declining sperm counts |
| | C) | Increased incidence of breast and testicular cancers. |
| | D) | All the above. |
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| 34 | |
According to Michele L. Trankina, estrogenic chemicals are NOT released by: |
| | A) | baby bottles |
| | B) | plastic toys |
| | C) | spermicides |
| | D) | cosmetics |
| | E) | none of the above |
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| 35 | |
According to Robert H. Harris, Jay Vandeven, and Mike Tilchin, the Superfund program has NOT made progress in recent years in: |
| | A) | scientifically valid risk assessment. |
| | B) | treatment technologies. |
| | C) | flexible risk assessment. |
| | D) | stability of funding. |
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| 36 | |
According to Robert H. Harris, Jay Vandeven, and Mike Tilchin, "potentially responsible parties" have challenged past risk assessment methods as scientifically flawed, resulting in: |
| | A) | failure to clean up seriously contaminated sites. |
| | B) | use of unnecessary and too costly remedies. |
| | C) | court decisions that halt Superfund cleanups. |
| | D) | an organizational focus on only mildly contaminated sites. |
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| 37 | |
According to Phillip J. Finck, to ensure a sustainable future for nuclear energy, several requirements must be met, including: |
| | A) | safety. |
| | B) | proliferation resistance. |
| | C) | minimal environment impact. |
| | D) | all the above. |
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| 38 | |
According to Phillip J. Finck, the Yucca Mountain repository is limited by legislation to __________ tons of nuclear waste. |
| | A) | 70,000 |
| | B) | 120,000 |
| | C) | 250,000 |
| | D) | 1,000,000 |
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| 39 | |
According to Carl Safina, there is "a fund of knowledge and conceptual tools that could be applied" and the United States government's fisheries management can best be described as NOT: |
| | A) | very effective. |
| | B) | primitive. |
| | C) | often ineffectual. |
| | D) | simplistic. |
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| 40 | |
According to Carl Safina, most fisheries management efforts today are based on: |
| | A) | closed seasons. |
| | B) | catch quotas. |
| | C) | marine reserves. |
| | D) | size restrictions. |
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| 41 | |
According to the Global Humanitarian Forum, the Climate Change: The Anatomy of a Silent Crisis represents which of the following: |
| | A) | a cautious underestimate of the human impact of climate change. |
| | B) | a highly pessimistic estimate of the human impact of climate
change. |
| | C) | the most plausible narrative of the human impact of climate change. |
| | D) | the consensus of the community of economists. |
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| 42 | |
According to the Global Humanitarian Forum, the number of lives
already being lost to climate change every year is in the neighborhood
of: |
| | A) | 10,000. |
| | B) | hundreds of thousands. |
| | C) | over a million. |
| | D) | over 10 million. |
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