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| 1 | |
According to the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the Precautionary Principle requires that we act to prevent serious or irreversible damage: |
| | A) | even with no scientific evidence that harm can or will happen. |
| | B) | only when the scientific evidence of future harm is clear and incontrovertible. |
| | C) | even when we lack full scientific certainty. |
| | D) | only when the benefits are minor. |
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| 2 | |
According to the 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, precautions taken under the Precautionary Principle: |
| | A) | should be cost-effective. |
| | B) | should be cost-free. |
| | C) | should be taken without regard to cost. |
| | D) | should be taken only if they lack side-effects. |
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| 3 | |
"Sustainability" refers to: |
| | A) | Continuing current levels of resource use. |
| | B) | Continuing to meet human needs. |
| | C) | Keeping the debate over environmental protection going. |
| | D) | Continuing current growth in population and resource use. |
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| 4 | |
What set sustainability firmly on the global agenda and made it an essential part of efforts to deal with global environmental issues and promote equitable economic development? |
| | A) | The Brundtland report. |
| | B) | The Payne-Davidson Compromise. |
| | C) | The Montreal Protocol. |
| | D) | The 1992 Rio Conference on Environment and Development. |
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| 5 | |
According to Rebecca L. Goldman, examples of ecosystem services include: |
| | A) | water purification. |
| | B) | soil fertility. |
| | C) | coastal protection. |
| | D) | water retention. |
| | E) | all the above. |
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| 6 | |
According to Rebecca L. Goldman, the definition of "ecosystem services" is: |
| | A) | the benefits to people provided by intact ecosystems. |
| | B) | the biological interactions among the living components of ecosystems. |
| | C) | the physical interactions between the living and nonliving components of ecosystems. |
| | D) | human activities designed to protect (or "service") ecosystems. |
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| 7 | |
According to C. Josh Donlan, large animals such as mammoths and cheetahs disappeared from North America: |
| | A) | after the post-Civil War expansion westward. |
| | B) | after the arrival of European settlers in the 1600s. |
| | C) | after the arrival of settlers from Asia 13,000 years ago. |
| | D) | at about the same time as the dinosaurs disappeared. |
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| 8 | |
According to C. Josh Donlan, it is important to concentrate "rewilding" efforts on large animals because: |
| | A) | they have major effects on ecosystems. |
| | B) | they attract major funding. |
| | C) | hunters are much more interested in getting a chance to shoot them. |
| | D) | large predators will help to limit the human population. |
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| 9 | |
According to Benedict S. Cohen, encroachment on military lands by homes, industries, malls, and highways. The result is: |
| | A) | interference with military activities. |
| | B) | easier recruiting. |
| | C) | better training for modern, urban warfare. |
| | D) | all the above |
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| 10 | |
According to Benedict S. Cohen, Congress has set aside 25 million acres of land for the Department of Defense (DoD) to: |
| | A) | protect from all potential environmental damage. |
| | B) | use efficiently and care for properly. |
| | C) | use without regard to any environmental regulations. |
| | D) | train soldiers for future wars. |
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| 11 | |
According to Paul Cicio, capping greenhouse gas emissions will: |
| | A) | create jobs and increase exports. |
| | B) | create jobs and increase imports. |
| | C) | drive jobs offshore and increase imports. |
| | D) | create jobs and save lives. |
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| 12 | |
According to Paul Cicio, the sector of the economy responsible for the greatest growth in greenhouse gas emissions is: |
| | A) | the industrial sector. |
| | B) | the commercial sector. |
| | C) | the transportation sector. |
| | D) | electricity generation. |
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| 13 | |
According to the Global Humanitarian Forum, the Climate Change: The Anatomy of a Silent Crisis represents which of the following: |
| | A) | a cautious underestimate of the human impact of climate change. |
| | B) | a highly pessimistic estimate of the human impact of climate change. |
| | C) | the most plausible narrative of the human impact of climate change. |
| | D) | the consensus of the community of economists. |
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| 14 | |
According to the Global Humanitarian Forum, the number of lives already being lost to climate change every year is in the neighborhood of: |
| | A) | 10,000. |
| | B) | hundreds of thousands. |
| | C) | over a million. |
| | D) | over 10 million. |
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| 15 | |
According to Stephen L. Baird, public support for offshore oil drilling has recently increased due to: |
| | A) | rising fuel prices. |
| | B) | rising food prices. |
| | C) | rising unemployment. |
| | D) | all the above. |
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| 16 | |
According to Stephen L. Baird, according to a Pew Research Center poll 60 percent of respondents considered: |
| | A) | energy supplies more important than environmental protection. |
| | B) | environmental protection more important than energy supplies. |
| | C) | energy supplies more important than food supplies. |
| | D) | environmental protection more important than food supplies. |
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| 17 | |
According to Diane Katz, shale gas offers all of the following except: |
| | A) | reduced dependence on foreign oil. |
| | B) | improved water quality. |
| | C) | increased supply of natural gas. |
| | D) | reduced greenhouse gas emissions. |
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| 18 | |
According to Diane Katz, the advantages of natural gas include: |
| | A) | distribution networks already exist. |
| | B) | it is continuously available, unlike wind and solar power. |
| | C) | it emits half as much carbon dioxide as coal. |
| | D) | all the above. |
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| 19 | |
According to Andrea Larson, synonyms for "green technology" include all of the following except: |
| | A) | renewable energy technologies. |
| | B) | sustainability. |
| | C) | clean commerce. |
| | D) | cleantech. |
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| 20 | |
According to Andrea Larson, in 2009 the United States set a goal for renewable energy. This goal was: |
| | A) | 10 percent. |
| | B) | 25 percent. |
| | C) | 50 percent. |
| | D) | 75 percent. |
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| 21 | |
According to Keith Kline, et al., increased food prices in 2007 and early 2008 were chiefly due to: |
| | A) | increased demand in emerging economies. |
| | B) | higher energy prices. |
| | C) | drought in food-exporting countries. |
| | D) | increased biofuels production. |
| | E) | all the above. |
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| 22 | |
According to Keith Kline, et al., the amount of suitably productive land available for multiple uses, including biofuels production, is: |
| | A) | not nearly enough to meet demands for both food and fuel. |
| | B) | sufficient to meet demands for either food or fuel but not both. |
| | C) | sufficient. |
| | D) | highly responsive to market prices. |
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| 23 | |
According to Allison MacFarlane, a major reason why nuclear power is being pushed as an answer to global warming is that it: |
| | A) | produces so much extra electricity that it can be used to power global air conditioners. |
| | B) | does not emit chlorofluorocarbons. |
| | C) | consumes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. |
| | D) | does not emit carbon dioxide. |
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| 24 | |
According to Allison MacFarlane, in 2006, the use of nuclear power reduced carbon dioxide emissions from fossil-fuel-based electric power plants by about: |
| | A) | 5 percent. |
| | B) | 13 percent. |
| | C) | 50 percent. |
| | D) | 75 percent. |
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| 25 | |
According to Sir David Attenborough, the one causative element shared by global warming, biodiversity loss, ocean acidification, air pollution, and other environmental problems is: |
| | A) | human population size. |
| | B) | fossil fuel use. |
| | C) | industrialization. |
| | D) | the economy of growth. |
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| 26 | |
According to Sir David Attenborough, we face in the not too distant future a "perfect storm" of: |
| | A) | population growth. |
| | B) | peak oil production. |
| | C) | climate change. |
| | D) | all the above. |
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| 27 | |
According to Carl Safina, there is "a fund of knowledge and conceptual tools that could be applied" and the United States government's fisheries management can best be described as NOT: |
| | A) | very effective. |
| | B) | primitive. |
| | C) | often ineffectual. |
| | D) | simplistic. |
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| 28 | |
According to Carl Safina, most fisheries management efforts today are based on: |
| | A) | closed seasons. |
| | B) | catch quotas. |
| | C) | marine reserves. |
| | D) | size restrictions. |
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| 29 | |
According to Ed Hamer and Mark Anslow, switching to organic agriculture would benefit most: |
| | A) | the consumer. |
| | B) | the industrialized world. |
| | C) | the less-industrialized world. |
| | D) | the environment. |
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| 30 | |
According to Ed Hamer and Mark Anslow, in order to feed everyone in the UK with organic agriculture, changes are needed. These changes include: |
| | A) | reducing population. |
| | B) | eating less meat. |
| | C) | eating less food. |
| | D) | avoiding the use of biomass for energy (burning wood and biofuels). |
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| 31 | |
According to Jim Thomas, Eric Hoffman, and Jaydee Hanson, the risks of synthetic biology include: |
| | A) | destroying ecosystems. |
| | B) | threatening human health. |
| | C) | unsustainably increasing the pressure of human activities on land and marine ecologies. |
| | D) | all the above. |
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| 32 | |
According to Jim Thomas, Eric Hoffman, and Jaydee Hanson, pursuing the promise of synthetic biology for creating biofuels could threaten all of the following except: |
| | A) | the oil industry. |
| | B) | efforts to conserve biological diversity. |
| | C) | efforts to ensure food security. |
| | D) | efforts to prevent dangerous climate change. |
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| 33 | |
According to Michele L. Trankina, a growing body of evidence indicates that hormone or endocrine-disrupting chemicals can cause developmental and reproductive abnormalities in humans and animals. In humans, concern centers on: |
| | A) | premature puberty. |
| | B) | declining sperm counts. |
| | C) | increased incidence of breast and testicular cancers. |
| | D) | all the above. |
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| 34 | |
According to Michele L. Trankina, estrogenic chemicals are NOT released by: |
| | A) | baby bottles. |
| | B) | plastic toys. |
| | C) | spermicides. |
| | D) | cosmetics. |
| | E) | none of the above. |
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| 35 | |
According to Stephen Lester and Anne Rabe, the Superfund program was created in response to: |
| | A) | pressures exerted by environmentalist organizations. |
| | B) | efforts by Democrats to control and/or destroy small businesses. |
| | C) | requests from major corporations for waste disposal guidance. |
| | D) | serious threats from toxic waste sites. |
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| 36 | |
According to Stephen Lester and Anne Rabe, climate-change related extreme weather events: |
| | A) | help to clean up Superfund sites by washing away toxic wastes. |
| | B) | disrupt Superfund sites and widen the impact of toxic wastes. |
| | C) | are a more significant threat to public health than toxic wastes. |
| | D) | are becoming less frequent. |
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| 37 | |
According to Kate J. Dennis, Jason Rugolo, Lee T. Murray, and Justin Parrella, the United States should reconsider nuclear fuel reprocessing in order to obtain: |
| | A) | conservation of uranium resources. |
| | B) | reduced environmental impact of uranium mining. |
| | C) | lower nuclear waste quantity. |
| | D) | all the above. |
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| 38 | |
According to Kate J. Dennis, Jason Rugolo, Lee T. Murray, and Justin Parrella, the nuclear waste that remains after reprocessing is: |
| | A) | greater in volume. |
| | B) | less radioactive. |
| | C) | half as expensive to store safely. |
| | D) | three times as toxic. |
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| 39 | |
According to Jessica Tsai, an enterprise-wide sustainability process is more likely to be found in businesses of which of the following industries? |
| | A) | those where the environment is part of the business model |
| | B) | the financial industry |
| | C) | resource-extraction industries |
| | D) | the information-technology industry |
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| 40 | |
According to Jessica Tsai, among existing companies, green processes are usually: |
| | A) | a primary concern |
| | B) | a side-effect of making money or saving money |
| | C) | an after-thought |
| | D) | a response to government regulations |
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| 41 | |
According to Mike McKee, ________ of the land in Uintah County, Utah, is privately owned. |
| | A) | 15 percent |
| | B) | 50 percent |
| | C) | 75 percent |
| | D) | 95 percent |
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| 42 | |
According to Mike McKee, the BLM's Wild Lands policy will make Uintah County's public lands: |
| | A) | available in the predictable future for multiple use |
| | B) | off limits in the predictable future for fossil fuel production |
| | C) | off limits in the predictable future for recreational uses |
| | D) | into inaccessible wilderness areas |
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