 |
| 1 | |
Marion Nestle, who believes that the USDA Pyramid describes an optimal dietary pattern, contends that regardless of origin, all pyramids designed to advise the public about diet and health share an emphasis on |
| | A) | reducing saturated fat. |
| | B) | removal of the fats/oils/sweets sectors. |
| | C) | incorporating more whole grains into the diet. |
| | D) | increasing the intake of "good" cholesterol. |
|
|
|
| 2 | |
Walter C. Willett and P. J. Skerrett, who do not believe that the USDA Pyramid describes an optimal dietary pattern, contend that the Pyramid is wrong because it |
| | A) | is based on inadequate scientific evidence. |
| | B) | relies on outdated evidence from 40 years ago. |
| | C) | incorrectly interprets evidence assembled over the last 40 years. |
| | D) | ignores evidence assembled over the last 40 years. |
|
|
|
| 3 | |
Jeanne Freeland-Graves and Susan Nitzke, who believe that all foods can fit into a healthful diet, view a problem with choosing a variety of foods to be that this can lead to |
| | A) | an overreliance on carbohydrates. |
| | B) | overeating. |
| | C) | an eating disorder. |
| | D) | consumer confusion. |
|
|
|
| 4 | |
Suzanne Havala, who does not believe that all foods can fit into a healthful diet, states that as a counselor on diet and nutrition, she has found that people want |
| | A) | to know what they can have for dinner tonight. |
| | B) | lists of good snack ideas. |
| | C) | examples of good foods to order at restaurants. |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 5 | |
Rebecca J. Bryant, Jo Cadogan, and Connie M. Weaver, who believe that the new dietary reference intakes for calcium are appropriate, contend that the most important factor for determining the calcium required for children and adolescents is |
| | A) | bone mineral content. |
| | B) | fracture risk assessment in parents. |
| | C) | the rate of forearm fractures in children ages 5 to 15. |
| | D) | the attainment of peak bone mass within the genetic potential. |
|
|
|
| 6 | |
B. E. Christopher Nordin, who does not believe that the new dietary reference intakes for calcium are appropriate, contends that to establish an incontrovertible experimental link between calcium deficiency and osteoporosis, volunteers would have to |
| | A) | stay out of the sun for a year or more. |
| | B) | restrict their calcium intake for a year or more. |
| | C) | be subjected to invasive procedures to measure bone density. |
| | D) | be quarantined for weeks at a time. |
|
|
|
| 7 | |
Barbara V. Howard and Judith Wylie-Rosett, who believe that added sugars are harmful to health, conclude that sugar has no nutritional value other than to |
| | A) | help with digestion. |
| | B) | provide calories. |
| | C) | increase energy. |
| | D) | improve cognition. |
|
|
|
| 8 | |
Anne L. Mardis, who does not believe that added sugars are harmful to health, concedes that recent evidence shows that the intake of added sugars is directly related to |
| | A) | diabetes. |
| | B) | dental caries. |
| | C) | heart disease. |
| | D) | obesity. |
|
|
|
| 9 | |
David S. Ludwig, who believes that foods with a high glycemic index increase disease risk, reports that among 16 single-day studies in humans, after consumption of a highûglycemic index meal, as compared to a lowûglycemic index meal, 15 of the subjects experienced |
| | A) | increased hunger. |
| | B) | lower satiety. |
| | C) | higher voluntary food intake. |
| | D) | all of the above |
|
|
|
| 10 | |
F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer, who does not believe that foods with a high glycemic index increase disease risk, asserts that, by its nature, an epidemiologic study can detect an association between two variables but cannot |
| | A) | use consistent methods to study the variables. |
| | B) | prove causation. |
| | C) | quantify the variables. |
| | D) | control the variables. |
|
|
|
| 11 | |
Alison E. Field et al., who believe that body weight is a reliable measure of overall health, stress that when studying the effects of obesity, an important outcome is |
| | A) | mortality. |
| | B) | morbidity. |
| | C) | economic cost. |
| | D) | emotional cost. |
|
|
|
| 12 | |
Annemarie Jutel, who does not believe that body weight is a reliable measure of overall health, reports that in the five categories of risk factors, rated last is |
| | A) | physical inactivity. |
| | B) | dietary habits. |
| | C) | genetics. |
| | D) | history of BMI. |
|
|
|
| 13 | |
Gary Taubes, who believes that low-carbohydrate, higher-fat diets promote health and weight loss, states that when it comes to insulin and blood sugar, the worst offenders are |
| | A) | "nondigestible carbohydrates." |
| | B) | "wet carbohydrates." |
| | C) | "sweet carbohydrates." |
| | D) | "simple carbohydrates." |
|
|
|
| 14 | |
Bonnie Liebman, who does not believe that low-carbohydrate, higher-fat diets promote health and weight loss, concludes that Taubes |
| | A) | had restricted access to research data and therefore was misinformed. |
| | B) | simply ignored research that did not support his conclusions. |
| | C) | interpreted the research data incorrectly. |
| | D) | inflated research data to conform to his conclusions. |
|
|
|
| 15 | |
In the selection by the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies, which believes that exercise must be daily and intense to prevent chronic disease, when calculating the physical activity level (PAL), the "reference activity" is |
| | A) | resting. |
| | B) | swimming. |
| | C) | cycling. |
| | D) | walking/jogging. |
|
|
|
| 16 | |
According to Lee et al., who do not believe that exercise must be daily and intense to prevent chronic disease, the leading cause of mortality among U.S. women is |
| | A) | breast cancer. |
| | B) | stroke. |
| | C) | coronary heart disease (CHD). |
| | D) | hypertension. |
|
|
|
| 17 | |
Bill Reger, Margo G. Wootan, and Steven Booth-Butterfield, who believe that education campaigns induce communities to change their diets and improve health, state that only three percent of the health care dollars in the United States are spent on |
| | A) | research. |
| | B) | preventive measures. |
| | C) | health promotion. |
| | D) | advertising. |
|
|
|
| 18 | |
With regard to the Stanford Five-City Project, Stephen P. Fortmann and Ann N. Varady, who do not believe that education campaigns induce communities to change their diets and improve health, found |
| | A) | unexpected changes in blood pressure and smoking. |
| | B) | inconsistent changes in diet. |
| | C) | changes in risk factors, although they were more modest than intended. |
| | D) | unusual changes in plasma cholesterol. |
|
|
|
| 19 | |
Robert H. Fletcher and Kathleen M. Fairfield, who believe that vitamin and mineral supplements help prevent chronic disease, include all of the following in a list of chronic diseases for which suboptimal levels of vitamins are risk factors except |
| | A) | cardiovascular disease. |
| | B) | hyperthyroidism. |
| | C) | cancer. |
| | D) | osteoporosis. |
|
|
|
| 20 | |
According to Demetrius Albanes, who does not believe that vitamin and mineral supplements help prevent chronic disease, it is important to note that the adverse effect of B-carotene supplementation on lung cancer in smokers was detectable because of |
| | A) | the small size and controlled experimental design of the studies. |
| | B) | the large size and controlled experimental design of the studies. |
| | C) | a comparison to previous observational studies. |
| | D) | meticulous documentation of participants' intake and serum concentrations of B-carotene at baseline. |
|
|
|
| 21 | |
Pierre L. Le Bars et al., who believe that taking herbal supplements will enhance mental ability, express concern in interpreting the study outcomes, which relate to |
| | A) | the large number of adverse events for the non-placebo group versus the placebo group. |
| | B) | the high incidence of subjects with a concurrent illness. |
| | C) | the high incidence of subjects with noncompliance with protocol after 26 weeks. |
| | D) | the substantial number of patients who withdrew after 26 weeks. |
|
|
|
| 22 | |
Paul R. Solomon et al., who do not believe that taking herbal supplements will enhance mental ability, conclude that superior performance during the second testing session was likely due to |
| | A) | increased relaxation on the part of the test subjects. |
| | B) | a practice effect. |
| | C) | coincidence. |
| | D) | a cumulative effect of the gingko. |
|
|
|
| 23 | |
Cyndi Thomson, Abby S. Bloch, and Claire M. Hasler, who believe that functional foods and nutraceuticals benefit health, contend that the term functional food should not be used to imply that |
| | A) | these foods should be eaten in large quantities. |
| | B) | there are good and bad foods. |
| | C) | these foods are endorsed by the American Dietetic Association (ADA). |
| | D) | these foods work toward improved health. |
|
|
|
| 24 | |
The editors of Consumer Reports on Health, who do not believe that functional foods and nutraceuticals benefit health, say that nutraceuticals are flooding the market due to |
| | A) | consumer demand. |
| | B) | revolutionary scientific research about the benefits of herbs. |
| | C) | a grassroots consumer movement away from processed foods. |
| | D) | fuzzy rules governing what is allowed in foods. |
|
|
|
| 25 | |
According to Mark Nord, Margaret Andrews, and Steven Carlson, who believe that widespread hunger exists in America, when poverty-linked hunger occurs in the United States, it is in most cases |
| | A) | chronic. |
| | B) | occasional. |
| | C) | acute. |
| | D) | brief. |
|
|
|
| 26 | |
Robert E. Rector, who does not believe that widespread hunger exists in America, contends that the Census Bureau's most critical error by far is that it |
| | A) | radically undercounts the true economic resources or annual income received by the American public. |
| | B) | considers a family "poor" if its annual cash income falls below a specified income threshold. |
| | C) | sets income thresholds artificially high in order to build support for welfare programs. |
| | D) | considers only current income and ignores accumulated assets from previous years. |
|
|
|
| 27 | |
Jean Humphrey and Peter Iliff, who believe that mothers infected with the AIDS virus should breastfeed their infants, applaud the Nairobi randomized trial of feeding method for |
| | A) | providing excellent education for the HIV-positive women to enable them to make an informed decision about breastfeeding. |
| | B) | its speed and efficiency in collecting data. |
| | C) | successfully meeting the many ethical challenges of the study. |
| | D) | success in attracting and retaining an impressive number of mother-baby pairs to the study. |
|
|
|
| 28 | |
Dorothy Mbori-Ngacha et al., who do not believe that mothers infected with the AIDS virus should breastfeed their infants, found that the incidence of pneumonia during the first two years of life in formula-fed infants compared to breastfed infants was |
| | A) | significantly lower. |
| | B) | slightly lower. |
| | C) | about the same. |
| | D) | slightly higher. |
|
|
|
| 29 | |
John P. Reganold et al., who believes that organically grown food is better than conventionally grown food, project the breakeven point for the organic system to be |
| | A) | two years after planting. |
| | B) | six years after planting. |
| | C) | nine years after planting. |
| | D) | fifteen years after planting. |
|
|
|
| 30 | |
Dennis Avery, who does not believe that organically grown food is better than conventionally grown food, contends that organic farming's biggest environmental shortcoming is |
| | A) | the global shortage of "natural" nitrogen fertilizer. |
| | B) | the waste involved with compiling compost materials. |
| | C) | the heavy metals and pathogens in sewage sludge. |
| | D) | the overplanting of clover and alfalfa. |
|
|
|
| 31 | |
Olivia Bennett Wood and Christine M. Bruhn, who believe that irradiation will improve the safety of the food supply, contend that irradiation has all of the following effects on food except that it |
| | A) | keeps food costs down. |
| | B) | retards the natural decay of fruits and vegetables. |
| | C) | substantially raises the temperature of the food being processed. |
| | D) | reduces potential for cross-contamination in home and food service kitchens. |
|
|
|
| 32 | |
George L. Tritsch, who does not believe that irradiation will improve the safety of the food supply, draws a parallel between irradiated food and |
| | A) | smoking. |
| | B) | alcohol consumption. |
| | C) | asbestos. |
| | D) | lead poisoning. |
|
|
|
| 33 | |
Robert B. Horsch, who believes that the world needs genetically modified (GM) foods, contends that biotechnology will become profitable for Monsanto Corporation |
| | A) | probably never. |
| | B) | in the first several years. |
| | C) | only if the project becomes self-sustaining. |
| | D) | only if the project attracts other investors. |
|
|
|
| 34 | |
Margaret Mellon, who does not believe that the world needs genetically modified foods, argues that agriculture is not like |
| | A) | biotechnology. |
| | B) | genetic engineering. |
| | C) | medicine. |
| | D) | rocket science. |
|
|
.