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| 1 | |
Robert R. McCrae and Oliver P. John, who argue that the Five-Factor Model (FFM) is a comprehensive model of human personality, describe the FFM as resulting from which two paths of research? |
| | A) | The "lexical approach" and "Freudian theory". |
| | B) | The "lexical approach" and "personality questionnaire" data. |
| | C) | "Personality questionnaire" data and "peer reports." |
| | D) | "Self reports" and "peer reports". |
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| 2 | |
Jack Block, who argues that the FFM is not as comprehensive as its creators claim, believes that the model is not really a "model" because it: |
| | A) | Lacks a theoretical basis |
| | B) | Includes too many variables |
| | C) | Includes too few variables |
| | D) | Doesn't make logical sense |
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| 3 | |
Robert McCrae & Paul Costa's article could be summarized in a nutshell as saying: |
| | A) | Personality is set at birth and does not change much throughout life. |
| | B) | Personality is set by age 30 and doesn't change much after that. |
| | C) | Men and women only differ in their personalities because they are treated differently by those around them. |
| | D) | Personality is altered by experiences that lie mostly outside our control. |
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| 4 | |
Sanjay Srivastava & his colleagues, who believe personality changes throughout adulthood, would be most likely to agree with which statement? |
| | A) | People's personalities can't be pinned down because they change from moment to moment. |
| | B) | The "big 5" personality traits are only useful for describing the personalities of college students. |
| | C) | People's personalities change in predictable ways as they go through various common social role transitions. |
| | D) | People's personalities are stable until age 30, then change dramatically after that. |
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| 5 | |
In their article, Jerry Suls & Rene Martin, who focus on the negative implications of neuroticism, are primarily concerned with describing: |
| | A) | The ways neuroticism interferes with our ability to adapt to a rapidly changing culture |
| | B) | What life events lead some people to become high in neuroticism late in life. |
| | C) | Why there are gender differences in neuroticism |
| | D) | A small set of psychological habits that neurotic people engage in, which lead them to experience more negative emotions. |
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| 6 | |
David Watson & Alex Casillas, who believe neuroticism has some unrecognized benefits, argue that the main benefit of neuroticism is that it: |
| | A) | Leads to submissive behavior, which helps to avoid interpersonal confrontations. |
| | B) | Leads to an increased tendency to attend to & avoid things that might harm us. |
| | C) | Allows people to experience heightened levels of positive emotion as well as negative emotion. |
| | D) | Makes people more sensitive to others' negative emotions. |
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| 7 | |
Mary H. McCaulley & Charles M. Martin, who believe the Myers-Briggs is a useful tool for helping people and organizations make career-related choices, say: |
| | A) | People switch from one type to the next frequently, which makes it necessary to assess them many times |
| | B) | The primary use of the MBTI is to assess psychopathology |
| | C) | The MBTI should be given to all children in elementary school |
| | D) | People are probably born with tendencies toward their personality poles/ type. |
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| 8 | |
Randall J. Larsen & M. David Buss, who argue the MBTI is not a valid tool for career selection purposes, criticize Jung's type theory of personality differences because: |
| | A) | Most people's personalities are not consistent enough to predict behavior. |
| | B) | Personalities have nothing to do with career choices. |
| | C) | Rather than being high or low in a trait, most people fall in the middle of a normal distribution of the trait. |
| | D) | C. G. Jung didn't test his theories on a broad enough sample. |
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| 9 | |
Samuel D. Gosling & Oliver P. John, who summarize research demonstrating that animals have personalities, report that there is the fairly solid evidence for the idea that animals vary in their levels of: |
| | A) | Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Agreeableness. |
| | B) | Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. |
| | C) | Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness. |
| | D) | Conscientiousness, Openness, and Neuroticism. |
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| 10 | |
Clive D. L. Wynne, who rejects the idea that animals have personalities, does so primarily on the grounds that he believes: |
| | A) | The Five-Factor model is not the best way to describe human personality, so it can't be extended to animals either. |
| | B) | Animals are incapable of understanding their social environments. |
| | C) | Personality requires higher-order thinking, which animals are not capable of. |
| | D) | Personality development requires communication among members of a species, and animals can't communicate with each other. |
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| 11 | |
David M. Buss, who believes our mate preferences are a result of evolutionary forces, traces differences between what males vs. females want in a partner back to: |
| | A) | The fact that males are larger than females. |
| | B) | The fact that female, but not male, mate choices are influenced by cultural values. |
| | C) | The fact that males are more concerned than females with what others think of their partner. |
| | D) | The fact that females bear children, so they invest much more than males in their offspring. |
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| 12 | |
Wendy Wood & Alice H. Eagly, who discount a purely evolutionary theory of mate preferences, argue that females choose males with resources primarily: |
| | A) | When society or the woman's individual situation within society prevents her from earning her own resources. |
| | B) | When the woman has the ability to earn her own resources, which makes her a more desirable mate and thus capable of attracting a wealthy man. |
| | C) | When males with ample resources are scarce and in high demand. |
| | D) | When she wishes to have a large number of children. |
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| 13 | |
Richard S. Lazarus, who is critical of the positive psychology movement, argued that: |
| | A) | Positive psychology is more like a self-congratulatory club than a topic grounded in rigorous scientific investigation. |
| | B) | Positive psychologists must be more careful about the way they measure emotions. |
| | C) | Even the idea of "positive psychology" is flawed because it implies we can separate the positive from the negative, which is not the case. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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| 14 | |
Christopher Peterson & Nansook Park, who believe in the potential of the positive psychology movement, argue that positive psychology is necessary primarily because: |
| | A) | Positive psychologists have come up with the best ideas so far for how to overhaul the American educational system. |
| | B) | Psychologists have historically focused mainly on preventing mental disorders and other forms of suffering at the expense of studying the positive side of life. |
| | C) | Psychologists are at risk of becoming depressed themselves, and positive psychology can help prevent that. |
| | D) | The government can't afford to do its own research on what can improve Americans' quality of life, so academic psychologists must do it. |
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| 15 | |
Julia K. Boehm and Sonja Lyubomirsky, who believe people have the ability to make themselves happier, argue that approximately ___ % of our happiness is within our control. |
| | A) | 20% |
| | B) | 40% |
| | C) | 80% |
| | D) | 100% |
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| 16 | |
Laurel C. Newman and Randy J. Larsen, who argue that people's happiness is largely outside their control, describe the term "hedonic treadmill", which refers to: |
| | A) | The fact that people who only seek pleasure never actually find it. |
| | B) | The fact that people misperceive the causes of happiness. |
| | C) | The fact that people often wear themselves out by trying to make themselves happier, which actually reduces happiness. |
| | D) | The fact that people adapt to their circumstances, so their happiness levels bounce back to normal fairly quickly after good or bad events. |
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| 17 | |
Richard E. Lucas and Ulrich Schimmack, who believe the rich are substantially happier than the poor, argue that: |
| | A) | The correlation between income & happiness is large by statistical standards. |
| | B) | Though the correlation between income and happiness is small, it has a meaningful impact on people's lives. |
| | C) | Career success is what really leads to happiness, but career success happens to be correlated with income. |
| | D) | The relationship between money & happiness is driven by sex differences in both income and happiness. |
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| 18 | |
David G. Myers, who argues that money is not all that predictive of happiness, would be most likely to agree with the statement: |
| | A) | Money has absolutely no bearing on happiness |
| | B) | Money only leads to happiness if you spend it on high-quality items |
| | C) | Wealthy people are usually less happy than those with moderate incomes. |
| | D) | Being very poor can make people unhappy, but being wealthy doesn't guarantee increased happiness. |
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| 19 | |
Mark R. Leary, who believes self-esteem is based on our levels of social inclusion, calls his model of self-esteem: |
| | A) | Adaptive trait theory |
| | B) | Popularity theory |
| | C) | Ostracism avoidance theory |
| | D) | Sociometer Theory |
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| 20 | |
Jennifer Crocker & Katherine M. Knight, who believe self-esteem is a result of our performance in domains of high personal importance note that people whose self-esteem is based on others' views of them: |
| | A) | Are happier than people who disregard others' opinions. |
| | B) | Have more adjustment problems than people whose contingencies are more internally judged. |
| | C) | Are almost always psychologically disordered |
| | D) | Are more successful in their careers than people whose contingencies are more internally judged. |
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| 21 | |
R. Cs. Tallis and Richard Webster, who believe "Freud was Wrong" argue that Freud's theories became as popular as they did primarily because: |
| | A) | They are so scandalous & controversial. |
| | B) | Freud was a skilled writer and salesman. |
| | C) | They helped people to recover from illnesses even if it was just through the placebo effect. |
| | D) | They are based on scientific evidence. |
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| 22 | |
John F. Kihlstrom, who argues that Freud's theories can be useful for modern psychologists, says: |
| | A) | Psychologists can, and should, find ways to test Freud's theories with scientific studies. |
| | B) | Freud's theories are only controversial because many people don't want to admit that human nature is essentially negative. |
| | C) | The most central parts of Freud's theory (e.g., the Oedipal Complex) have been shown through scientific studies to be true. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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| 23 | |
In their article, Shelley E. Taylor and Jonathon D. Brown, who believe that positive illusions are healthy, state that: |
| | A) | Positive illusions are implanted by our parents' praise |
| | B) | Positive illusions do lead to depression in some cases. |
| | C) | Everyone they've measured possesses positive illusions about the self. |
| | D) | Most people have positive illusions to some extent. |
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| 24 | |
Randall Colvin, Jack Block, and David C. Funder, who are disagree with the idea that positive illusions are healthy, claim that: |
| | A) | Taylor & Brown haven not proven the link between positive illusions and mental health. |
| | B) | Taylor & Brown don't adequately measure "positive illusions" in their studies. |
| | C) | Most people do not have overly positive views of themselves. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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| 25 | |
John D. Mayer, Peter Salovey, and David R. Caruso, who argue that Emotional Intelligence (EI) is a valid form of intelligence, report that: |
| | A) | EI & I.Q. are very strongly positively correlated. |
| | B) | EI is "the best predictor of success in life". |
| | C) | EI predicts several important life outcomes that are not predicted by I.Q. |
| | D) | EI is largely genetic and, for the most part, can't be taught. |
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| 26 | |
Gerald Matthews, Richard D. Roberts, & Moshe Zeidner, who argue that Emotional Intelligence (EI) has not been shown to be a valid form of intelligence, make their case by: |
| | A) | Re-analyzing the data sets that Matthews et al. reported on in their paper. |
| | B) | Debunking 7 myths about the construct of EI. |
| | C) | Reviewing studies where EI failed to predict career success. |
| | D) | Reporting results of a popular vote among psychologists on whether or not EI is a form of intelligence. |
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| 27 | |
Nicholas C. Herrera, R. B. Zajonc, Grazyna Wieczorkowska, & Bogdan Cichomski, who suggest that birth order does have a meaningful impact on personality, report on 4 studies they conducted that primarily investigated: |
| | A) | The public's beliefs about how birth order influences personality. |
| | B) | How people's self-reports of their personality traits correlate with their birth order. |
| | C) | How employers' ratings of their employees' personalities correlate with those employees' birth orders. |
| | D) | How parents' reports of their children's personality traits correlate with those kids' birth orders. |
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| 28 | |
Which statement best summarizes the viewpoint of Judith Rich Harris, who argues that birth order has no meaningful effect on personality? |
| | A) | Studies of how birth order influences personality in the U.S. cannot be conclusively done by Psychologists from countries other than the U.S. |
| | B) | While people might demonstrate behaviors consistent with their birth order at home, they are unlikely to carry those behaviors into settings outside the home. |
| | C) | Birth order does have an impact on personality, but it is only via the self-fulfilling prophecy and is not a function of birth order itself. |
| | D) | Studies investigating birth order are overly influenced by Americans' individualist values and gender roles. |
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| 29 | |
Patti M. Valkenburg and Jochen Peter, who argue that the internet can actually improve social connectedness, base their claims primarily on studies of which population? |
| | A) | Teens who use Instant Messaging (IM). |
| | B) | Adults who use e-mail for work. |
| | C) | Family members who hold "virtual family reunions". |
| | D) | Romantic partners who communicate with each other online throughout their day. |
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| 30 | |
Nie, who argues that the internet is harmful for social relationships, argues primarily that: |
| | A) | People who communicate via the internet are usually shallow & superficial. |
| | B) | Internet communication is frustrating because technology so often fails. |
| | C) | Internet communication lacks the intimacy offered by face-to-face interactions. |
| | D) | People are overwhelmed by the pressure they feel to communicate with everyone who tries to contact them online. |
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| 31 | |
Robert McCrae & the other 80 members of the Personality Profiles of Cultures Project, who argue that there are some meaningful personality differences between countries, base their claim on observed differences between: |
| | A) | Stereotypes of various cultures. |
| | B) | Cross-cultural archival evidence. |
| | C) | Aggregate personality data on the Big 5 traits from multiple countries. |
| | D) | Content analyses of internet communication patterns between people from different countries. |
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| 32 | |
Which of the following statements best summarizes the opinions of Terracciano et al., who argue that cultural stereotypes are invalid? |
| | A) | There is no way to assess cultural stereotypes objectively, so this question is impossible to answer. |
| | B) | There are no consistent differences between the personality traits of people from different countries. |
| | C) | There are consistent differences between the personality traits of people from different countries, but those differences do not map on to the stereotypes of people from those nations. |
| | D) | There are consistent differences between the personality traits of people from different countries, but they are impossible to assess accurately because of language differences. |
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| 33 | |
Jean M. Twenge, who believes today's young adults are more narcissistic than those of previous generations, attributes the recent rise in narcissism to: |
| | A) | The unconditional love offered by parents. |
| | B) | The decrease in religious involvement among teens over the past 20 years. |
| | C) | School programs designed to increase self-esteem |
| | D) | The fact our nation's current wealth has led most parents to spoil their children with material goods. |
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| 34 | |
Kahli H. Trzesniewski, M. Brent Donnellan, & Richard W. Robins, who do not think narcissism has increased among young adults in the past couple of decades, say Twenge's conclusions are flawed primarily because: |
| | A) | She based used a self-report instrument to measure narcissism. |
| | B) | She used a convenience sample that only included students at 4- year colleges. |
| | C) | Her sample was too small, with only about 200 people. |
| | D) | She fails to report whether results were statistically significant. |
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| 35 | |
Henry Greely & his colleagues, who argue that drugs that enhance our cognitive skills can and should be used ethically, argue that the main benefit to these substances is that: |
| | A) | They can help people obtain higher paying jobs. |
| | B) | It's been proven that they have no negative side effects. |
| | C) | Enhancing people's cognitive skills has the potential to help society as a whole. |
| | D) | They could be given only to poor people so financial opportunities could be more equalizes across the social classes. |
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| 36 | |
Eva Orlebeke Caldera, who believes that substances that enhance our cognitive abilities are unethical, argues that legalizing and promoting use of these substances would: |
| | A) | Undermine people's accomplishments because they didn't really "earn" them. |
| | B) | Undo the "natural lottery," or the fact that people's level of intelligence is largely determined by chance. |
| | C) | Make people less compassionate toward people who choose not to use these drugs. |
| | D) | All of the above. |
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