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| 1 | |
The Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice in Psychology (EBPP)critiques the methodology of empirically supported treatments (ESTs) for relying too heavily on |
| | A) | case studies. |
| | B) | psychological assessment. |
| | C) | randomized controlled trials. |
| | D) | qualitative research. |
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| 2 | |
Compared to ESTs, EBPP is |
| | A) | the more comprehensive concept. |
| | B) | the more narrow concept. |
| | C) | fundamentally the same as ESTs. |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 3 | |
According to Diana Baumrind, who believes that Stanley Milgram's study of obedience was unethical, participants in the study were all of the following except |
| | A) | prone to trust and obey the experimenter. |
| | B) | similar to subordinate officers in Hitler's Germany. |
| | C) | disturbed considerably by the belief that they were injuring another person. |
| | D) | not fully informed concerning damaging aftereffects of the study. |
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| 4 | |
According to Stanley Milgram, who does not believe that his study of obedience was unethical, the laboratory is an appropriate setting for the study of obedience because |
| | A) | obedience is natural and appropriate to the laboratory context. |
| | B) | it is an artificial environment, and participants know that the study is not real. |
| | C) | it differs considerably from those real-life settings in which obedience to authority is common. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 5 | |
Which of the following statements would both Buss and Buller AGREE on? |
| | A) | The data collected by evolutionary psychologists in regard to female mating preferences can be interpreted in multiple ways. |
| | B) | Evolutionary psychologists have devoted much of their research efforts to investigating female mating preferences. |
| | C) | Women show a robust preference for high-status males. |
| | D) | A younger, successful, high-status female actress marrying an older, high-status, wealthy male actor would be an example of evolutionary mating preferences manifest in women today. |
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| 6 | |
David Buller mentions a study done by Townsend and Levy on female mating preferences, which included models wearing different level SES costumes (including a low SES Burger King costume). Which of the following is proposed by Buller as a possible alternative to Townsend and Levy’s interpretation of the results of their study? |
| | A) | Women have an evolved preference for men of high status and resources. |
| | B) | Women prefer men who are more physically attractive. |
| | C) | People prefer mates of comparable status. |
| | D) | a and b |
| | E) | b and c |
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| 7 | |
Which of the following statements would Brizendine and Allen both likely AGREE with? |
| | A) | women and men’s communication styles are highly influenced by the environment in which they were raised |
| | B) | girls are born into the world with an extraordinary capacity to understand verbal and emotional cues |
| | C) | women and men often differ in the ways they communicate |
| | D) | women are necessarily different than men because of hormonal influences |
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| 8 | |
What is essentialism, as defined by Allen in her book Difference Matters: Communicating Social Identity? |
| | A) | the idea that certain environmental influences are necessary for the construction of differences in men and women’s communication styles. |
| | B) | the idea that the self is constructed through various relational and linguistic processes. |
| | C) | the idea that social differences stem from innate human variations unrelated to social forces. |
| | D) | the idea that men and women are essentially the same but that societal norms and expectations produce apparent differences between the sexes. |
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| 9 | |
Which of the following is NOT a main argument Jones and his colleagues make against past behavioral genetic studies of homosexuality? |
| | A) | In the monozygotic twins studies, actual sample sizes were small and potentially biased. |
| | B) | In the monozygotic twins studies, there were no control groups. |
| | C) | samples were recruited using methods that were likely to produce a biased sample inclined to favor genetic explanations of sexual orientation. |
| | D) | All of the above are arguments Jones et al. made against past behavioral genetic studies on homosexuality. |
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| 10 | |
According to Rahman, empirical studies have reliably demonstrated that homosexual men have a greater number of older brothers than heterosexual men do. This phenomenon is called |
| | A) | the fraternal birth order (FBO) effect |
| | B) | the maternal immunity (MI) hypothesis |
| | C) | the older brother predisposition (OBP) effect |
| | D) | the prenatal androgen phenomenon (PAP) |
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| 11 | |
Why is it impossible, according to Gantt and Melling, for scientists to be fully objective when drawing conclusions from data? |
| | A) | because, whether they acknowledge it or not, scientists always have a personal agenda that they are trying to further by conducting research |
| | B) | because scientists must unavoidably have a conceptual framework that guides their method and the interpretation of their data, which biases their findings |
| | C) | because data are inherently biased |
| | D) | because the scientific method is a bias that few acknowledge |
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| 12 | |
About which of the following points would the authors of the two articles DISAGREE? |
| | A) | Evolutionary psychology has come under major scrutiny by academics of various disciplines. |
| | B) | Evolutionary psychology is an explanatory framework that has implications for explaining all psychological phenomena |
| | C) | Evolutionary psychology is not driven by a particular ideology, but by a motive to increase understanding of the natural world |
| | D) | The Standard Social Science model is not the ideal framework for understanding human psychology |
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| 13 | |
According to Ahrons, why is rare to hear about “good divorces?” |
| | A) | all divorces hurt children or families in some way and therefore there are no truly good divorces. |
| | B) | because bad divorces predominate. |
| | C) | because the concept of a good divorce is threatening to society's nostalgic image of what an ideal family should be like. |
| | D) | because divorce is no longer perceived as deviant. |
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| 14 | |
Upon which of the following points would both authors most likely AGREE? |
| | A) | research shows that children, on average, do better when a high-conflict marriage ends. |
| | B) | many children of divorced parents later view their parents' divorce as something that has positively influenced them. |
| | C) | One of the reasons children of divorced parents assert they have not been affected or have been positively affected by their parents' divorce is that they have been encouraged all their lives to give such a response. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 15 | |
What did Donchi and Moore discover about the importance males placed on online friendships in relation to their well-being in their study? |
| | A) | the association between these two variables was strong and significant in the positive direction |
| | B) | importance placed on online friendships was negatively correlated with well-being in males |
| | C) | no relationship was found between the importance males placed on online friendships and their sense of well-being. |
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| 16 | |
Which of the following was NOT a construct/facet of loneliness used to measure participants’ loneliness in the Donchi and Moore study? |
| | A) | social loneliness |
| | B) | emotional loneliness |
| | C) | perceived loneliness |
| | D) | loneliness as a global, unidimensional construct |
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| 17 | |
Which of the following statements would both sets of authors AGREE with? |
| | A) | Narcissism has generally been increasing over time in the American young adult population since the 1970s. |
| | B) | The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) is a valid instrument for measuring whether or not narcissism is more prevalent in today’s college students than college students of previous generations. |
| | C) | Using aggregate data from a large number of non-probability samples is a sound method for drawing conclusions about populations. |
| | D) | All of the above |
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| 18 | |
From the Egos Inflating Over Time article, what is the term used to describe samples of individuals who are of the same age but are from different generations? |
| | A) | birth cohorts |
| | B) | age cohorts |
| | C) | cross-temporal samples |
| | D) | cross-variable samples |
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| 19 | |
Howard Gardner, who believes that psychology should adopt a theory of multiple intelligences, argues that we should move away from standardized, short-answer instruments to test intelligence and move toward |
| | A) | real-life demonstrations. |
| | B) | finer statistical measures. |
| | C) | biological measures, such as response-time measurement. |
| | D) | psychometrics. |
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| 20 | |
John White, who believes that psychology should not adopt a theory of multiple intelligences, argues the more intelligent a person is, the more capable that person will be to |
| | A) | learn a musical instrument. |
| | B) | perform well on a physics test. |
| | C) | close a real-estate deal. |
| | D) | All of the above |
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| 21 | |
Which of the following would both authors most likely AGREE with? |
| | A) | false memories are a real phenomenon |
| | B) | recovered memories are a real phenomenon |
| | C) | the body of research on both false and recovered memories has been adequate to prove that both false and recovered memories exist in the real world |
| | D) | All of the above |
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| 22 | |
Which of the following did Gleaves et al. NOT mention as an effect/phenomenon observed when researchers are conducting experiments investigating false memories? |
| | A) | the misinformation effect |
| | B) | hypnotically created pseudomemory |
| | C) | source amnesia |
| | D) | cognitive restructuring effect |
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| 23 | |
Which of the following is NOT one of the three subtypes of ADHD? |
| | A) | predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type |
| | B) | predominantly inattentive type |
| | C) | predominantly spontaneous type |
| | D) | combined type |
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| 24 | |
In the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA) cited in the National Institute of Mental Health article, what did the researchers find in regards to the effectiveness of different treatments for ADHD? |
| | A) | behavioral treatment and routine community treatment were more effective than medication management alone. |
| | B) | medication management was usually more effective than the combined treatment in the areas of anxiety and oppositionality. |
| | C) | long-term combination treatments (medication management and behavioral therapy) and medication management alone were more effective than intensive behavioral treatment. |
| | D) | routine community treatments were usually more effective than long-term combination treatments. |
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| 25 | |
Yvon D. Lapierre, who does not believe that antidepressants lead to suicide, maintains that |
| | A) | suicide is an inherent risk in the context of depression, but this should not deter from proper treatment. |
| | B) | results of clinical studies are inconclusive. |
| | C) | the SSRI antidepressants have reduced the overall risk of suicidal outcome in adequately treated patients. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 26 | |
According to Lapierre, which of the following is not a possible
explanation for the increased suicide rate among those taking antidepressants? |
| | A) | Since suicide is the predominant risk factor for depression, an increase in the incidence of depression would increase the rate of suicides also. |
| | B) | The emergence of suicidal thoughts may simply be attributable to underlying psychopathology. |
| | C) | Certain patients are being prescribed too much of the drug, leading to accidental overdoses. |
| | D) | The data supporting the claim that antidepressants are conducive to an increased risk of suicide are erroneously
interpreted. |
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| 27 | |
Sally E. Shaywitz and Bennett A. Shaywitz, who believe that brain deficiencies do determine learning disabilities, use their research to show their support for what kinds of reading programs? |
| | A) | Evidence- based |
| | B) | Any that are federally funded |
| | C) | Those that try to focus on all potential influential factors |
| | D) | Those that intervene very early in a child’s life |
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| 28 | |
Gerald Coles, who believes that learning disabilities are not caused by brain deficiencies, argues instead that reading and other learning disabilities are or can be caused by what? |
| | A) | Economic disadvantage |
| | B) | Family influences |
| | C) | Emotional problems |
| | D) | All of the above and more |
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| 29 | |
Which of the following is NOT a reason that Costanzo, Gerrity
and Lykes call for a cessation of the use of torture in
interrogations? |
| | A) | torture results in long-term negative consequences for the mental health of both survivors and perpetrators of torture. |
| | B) | the use of torture as an interrogation device is contrary to ethical standards of conduct for psychologists and is in violation of international law. |
| | C) | torture, although quite effective for extracting reliable information from enemies, damages the reputation of the United States and creates hostility toward U.S. troops and citizens. |
| | D) | the use of torture undermines the credibility of the United States when it argues for international human rights. |
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| 30 | |
According to Costanzo, Gerrity and Lykes, what does research indicate about trained interrogators? |
| | A) | overall, trained interrogators are able to detect deception in suspects much better than an average person can. |
| | B) | specialized training in interrogation techniques increases the confidence of interrogators in their abilities to detect lying, but does not actually improve their ability to do so. |
| | C) | some research suggests that interrogators have an increased tendency to believe that others are telling them the truth. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 31 | |
Which of the following statements would both sets of authors likely AGREE with? |
| | A) | There is sufficient evidence to conclude that violent video games lead to violent behavior in adolescents. |
| | B) | Playing violent video games may help to enhance social relationships among young adolescent boys. |
| | C) | Video game play is most likely tied to real world acts of severe violence. |
| | D) | Video games have an effect on children and adolescent’s social behavior. |
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| 32 | |
What does Cheryl Olson suggest about video games and male adolescents/children? |
| | A) | Violent video game play has become a normal part of male childhood. |
| | B) | Violent video game play is tied to higher aggression in male but not female adolescents. |
| | C) | Video games serve as an effective “electronic friend” for boys who suffer low social status among their peers. |
| | D) | The primary reason that adolescent boys play video games is because they lack necessary social skills. |
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| 33 | |
Carnes suggests that all of the following factors may be associated with sexual addiction except: |
| | A) | A high incidence of depression and suicide. |
| | B) | Extreme disruption of family, including battering, sexual abuse, and financial distress. |
| | C) | A diminished desire to engage in social activities. |
| | D) | The presence of high-risk and dangerous behaviors including self-harm. |
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| 34 | |
Carnes states that the goal of treatment for sexual addiction is: |
| | A) | Sexual aversion. |
| | B) | Healthy sexuality. |
| | C) | Recovery from all addictions. |
| | D) | Celibacy. |
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