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| 1 | |
According to Orlando Patterson, who believes that a slave society was essential to the development of Athenian democracy, five revolutions that transformed the history of the West took place in the |
| | A) | Roman world. |
| | B) | Fertile Crescent. |
| | C) | Greek world. |
| | D) | Middle Ages. |
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| 2 | |
According to Donald Kagan, who does not believe that a slave society was essential to the development of Athenian democracy, Athenian citizenship was |
| | A) | granted to all male residents. |
| | B) | denied to Athenian women. |
| | C) | given to foreigners after a period of residency. |
| | D) | based on a rigid class structure. |
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| 3 | |
According to N. G. L. Hammond, who believes that Alexander the Great's exalted historical reputation is merited, Alexander's treatment of "exiles" who had deserted his army was |
| | A) | cruel and vindictive. |
| | B) | an act of statesmanship. |
| | C) | befitting of the crime they committed. |
| | D) | too lenient. |
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| 4 | |
According to E. E. Rice, who does not believe that Alexander the Great's exalted historical reputation is merited, Alexander's campaign into India ended when |
| | A) | monsoons made travel by a large army impossible. |
| | B) | his army refused to go any further. |
| | C) | the enemy's army proved to be formidable. |
| | D) | he had to return to put down a rebellion in Egypt. |
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| 5 | |
Karen Jo Torjesen, who believes that Christianity liberated women, finds women to be more liberated during the early years of Christianity within |
| | A) | public spaces. |
| | B) | private spaces. |
| | C) | both public and private spaces. |
| | D) | in neither public nor private spaces. |
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| 6 | |
Karen Armstrong, who does not believe that Christianity liberated women, finds the early Christian Church filled with hatred of |
| | A) | pagans. |
| | B) | slaves. |
| | C) | clergy. |
| | D) | women. |
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| 7 | |
According to Averil Cameron, who believes that the Roman Empire collapsed due to its own weight, entry into the imperial service in the late Roman Empire |
| | A) | did not appeal to men from the municipal class. |
| | B) | could be bought for certain sums of money. |
| | C) | appealed to members of the Roman elite. |
| | D) | gave Rome the quality of leadership the empire needed. |
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| 8 | |
According to Derek Williams, who does not believe that the Roman Empire collapsed due to its own weight, which one of the following was not a problem faced by the barbarians in their dealings with Rome? |
| | A) | lack of unity |
| | B) | ignorance of logistic and siege techniques |
| | C) | Rome's larger-sized army |
| | D) | myopia and transience |
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| 9 | |
According to the evidence of John Boswell, who believes that same-sex unions existed in the early Middle Ages, most of these unions occurred in the |
| | A) | western Roman Empire. |
| | B) | Byzantine Empire. |
| | C) | British Isles. |
| | D) | German states. |
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| 10 | |
According to Philip Lyndon Reynolds, who does not believe that same-sex unions existed in the early Middle Ages, Christians today generally view homosexual unions as |
| | A) | natural and authentic. |
| | B) | totally outside the boundaries of church law. |
| | C) | novel and experimental. |
| | D) | the wave of the future. |
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| 11 | |
According to Hans Eberhard Mayer, who believes that the Crusades were motivated primarily by religious factors, the Crusades took place in order to guarantee |
| | A) | Christian pilgrims access to the Holy Land. |
| | B) | equal trade rights for Christians in the East. |
| | C) | the safety of the city of Constantinople from Muslim forces. |
| | D) | the political integrity of eastern Christian kingdoms. |
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| 12 | |
According to Ronald C. Finucane, who does not believe that the Crusades were motivated primarily by religious factors, when they began in the late eleventh century, the Muslim world was |
| | A) | poised and ready to defend itself. |
| | B) | preparing to siege Constantinople. |
| | C) | the scene of internal conflict and rivalry. |
| | D) | prepared to negotiate with the Christian world. |
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| 13 | |
Mary R. Beard, who believes that women and men benefited equally from the Renaissance, focuses her research on women's |
| | A) | sex roles. |
| | B) | educational opportunities. |
| | C) | legal progress. |
| | D) | religious experiences. |
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| 14 | |
Joan Kelly-Gadol, who does not believe that women and men benefited equally from the Renaissance, focuses her research on women's |
| | A) | sex roles. |
| | B) | educational opportunities. |
| | C) | legal progress. |
| | D) | religious experiences. |
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| 15 | |
Bernard M. G. Reardon, who believes that Martin Luther's reforms improved the lives of European Christians, calls him |
| | A) | the first and best humanist. |
| | B) | a thoroughly medieval and unmodern man. |
| | C) | more forward thinking than Erasmus of Rotterdam. |
| | D) | very out of sync with his own times, but a true revolutionary. |
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| 16 | |
Richard Marius, who does not believe that Martin Luther's reforms improved the lives of European Christians, notes that the ideas and challenges of Erasmus of Rotterdam |
| | A) | would never have achieved anything like what Luther accomplished. |
| | B) | were misguided and needed Luther to revise and correct them. |
| | C) | might have achieved reform more gradually, keeping Christianity intact. |
| | D) | were inappropriate for the century in which he lived. |
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| 17 | |
Olwen Hufton, who believes that convents expanded opportunities for European women, asserts that, along with some obvious problems, convents |
| | A) | served the needs of warped individuals who enjoyed suffering. |
| | B) | offered an escape for lazy women who wanted to avoid their duties in the world. |
| | C) | kept women from more dangerous activities. |
| | D) | could be "paradises" for those who chose them freely. |
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| 18 | |
Elisja Schulte van Kessel, who does not believe that convents expanded opportunities for European women, asserts that material for Tarabotti's Purgatory |
| | A) | arose from her own overactive imagination. |
| | B) | came from married women who sobbed out their sad stories to nuns. |
| | C) | came from police records in local villages. |
| | D) | came from records compiled and kept by monks throughout Europe. |
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| 19 | |
According to William Darity, Jr., who believes that the West African slave trade was a precondition for the rise of British capitalism, one of the main points in this debate is the |
| | A) | participation of African leaders in the slave trade. |
| | B) | role played by English abolitionists. |
| | C) | amount of profits derived from the trade and what was done with them. |
| | D) | role of the British government in the slave trade's ultimate abolition. |
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| 20 | |
According to James A. Rawley, who does not believe that the slave trade was a precondition for the rise of British capitalism, the British economic system at that time was referred to as |
| | A) | laissez-faire capitalism. |
| | B) | commercialism. |
| | C) | socialism. |
| | D) | mercantilism. |
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| 21 | |
According to Anne Llewellyn Barstow, who believes that the witch-hunts in premodern Europe were misogynistic, a typical witch in the era covered was |
| | A) | female. |
| | B) | old. |
| | C) | unattractive. |
| | D) | all of the above |
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| 22 | |
According to Robin Briggs, who does not believe that the witch-hunts in premodern Europe were misogynistic, approximately __________ of the women accused of witchcraft were widows. |
| | A) | half |
| | B) | one-quarter |
| | C) | three-quarters |
| | D) | none of the above |
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| 23 | |
According to Herbert Butterfield, who believes that the Scientific Revolution was revolutionary, Francis Bacon identified periods of genuine scientific progress in all of the following periods except |
| | A) | Greek times. |
| | B) | the Roman period. |
| | C) | the Renaissance. |
| | D) | the seventeenth century. |
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| 24 | |
Steven Shapin, who does not believe that the Scientific Revolution was revolutionary, argues that the phrase "Scientific Revolution" was coined in the |
| | A) | seventeenth century. |
| | B) | eighteenth century. |
| | C) | nineteenth century. |
| | D) | twentieth century. |
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| 25 | |
Which one of the following phrases best describes the career of Peter Kropotkin, who believes that the French Revolution was worth its human costs? |
| | A) | a French revolutionary pamphleteer |
| | B) | a German middle-class reactionary |
| | C) | a Hungarian religious zealot |
| | D) | a Russian aristocratic anarchist |
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| 26 | |
According to Simon Schama, who does not believe that the French Revolution was worth its human costs, an objective history of the event was written by |
| | A) | Zhou En-lai. |
| | B) | Alexis de Tocqueville. |
| | C) | Lord Acton. |
| | D) | Karl Marx. |
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| 27 | |
Christine Kinealy, who believes that British policy decisions caused the mass emigration and land reforms that followed the Irish potato famine, calls the British government's response to the crisis |
| | A) | excessive. |
| | B) | well-intentioned, but inefficiently delivered. |
| | C) | deliberately inadequate. |
| | D) | genocidal. |
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| 28 | |
Hasia R. Diner, who does not believe that British policy decisions caused the mass emigration and land reforms that followed the Irish potato famine, views the famine as |
| | A) | a British-engineered calamity. |
| | B) | an ecological catastrophe. |
| | C) | the result of poor Irish planting and inheritance practices. |
| | D) | an act of God, which the Irish deserved. |
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| 29 | |
According to Lance E. Davis and Robert A. Huttenback, who believe that economic factors were primarily responsible for nineteenth-century British imperialism, the major expense of the British imperialist system was |
| | A) | the defense of the empire. |
| | B) | dealing with the unfavorable trade balance the empire created. |
| | C) | the tax burden it created for the British upper class. |
| | D) | the publicity campaign to build up British support for it. |
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| 30 | |
According to John M. MacKenzie, who does not believe that economic factors were primarily responsible for British imperialism, the greatest example of it could be found in |
| | A) | Asia. |
| | B) | the Middle East. |
| | C) | the Americas. |
| | D) | Africa. |
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| 31 | |
According to V. R. Berghahn, who believes that German militarism and diplomacy were responsible for World War I, the historian whose work opened up a World War I historical controversy was |
| | A) | Fritz Fischer. |
| | B) | Sidney Fay. |
| | C) | Niall Ferguson. |
| | D) | John Keegan. |
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| 32 | |
According to Samuel R. Williamson, Jr., who does not believe that German militarism and diplomacy were responsible for World War I, an overriding concern of German policy during the July 1914 crisis period was to |
| | A) | severely punish Russia for past transgressions. |
| | B) | end British domination on the high seas once and for all. |
| | C) | show strong support for their Austrian allies. |
| | D) | preserve the neutrality of Belgium in the event of war. |
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| 33 | |
According to Richard Stites, who believes that the Bolshevik Revolution improved the lives of Soviet women, the women most in need of liberation were |
| | A) | eastern. |
| | B) | western. |
| | C) | northern. |
| | D) | southern. |
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| 34 | |
Franoise Navailh, who does not believe that the Bolshevik Revolution improved the lives of Soviet women, reports that on March 8, 1917, women took to the streets of Petrograd, demanding |
| | A) | the right to vote. |
| | B) | peace and bread. |
| | C) | equal pay for equal work. |
| | D) | an end to sexual harassment. |
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| 35 | |
According to Andreas Hillgruber, who believes that World War II was the result of Hitler's master plan, the aims of Hitler's foreign policy were subordinated to the central goal of |
| | A) | conquering the Soviet Union. |
| | B) | taking over the British Empire. |
| | C) | obtaining "living space" for Germany. |
| | D) | eradicating the Jewish "archenemy." |
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| 36 | |
According to Ian Kershaw, who does not believe that World War II was the result of Hitler's master plan, the structuralist viewpoint regarding Hitler's role contains all of the following points except |
| | A) | a portrayal of Hitler as responding spontaneously to circumstances. |
| | B) | the claim that Hitler was not a free agent in determining foreign policy. |
| | C) | the view that German foreign policy was influenced by domestic pressures. |
| | D) | long-range German foreign policy goals that were strictly adhered to by Hitler. |
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| 37 | |
According to John Lewis Gaddis, who believes that Stalin was responsible for the cold war, during World War II Stalin had already developed a postwar plan that equated Soviet security with |
| | A) | Germany's defeat. |
| | B) | postwar economic recovery. |
| | C) | territorial gains. |
| | D) | close cooperation between the Soviet Union and the West. |
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| 38 | |
According to Martin J. Sherwin, who does not believe that Stalin was responsible for the cold war, the defining event in the onset of the cold war was |
| | A) | Stalin's refusal to allow free elections in Poland after the war. |
| | B) | Mao Zedong's communist takeover in China. |
| | C) | the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. |
| | D) | the United States' use of the atomic bomb against Japan. |
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| 39 | |
According to Warren Zimmermann, who believes that ethnic leaders were responsible for the disintegration of Yugoslavia, the most culpable individual was |
| | A) | Franjo Tudjman. |
| | B) | Milan Kucan. |
| | C) | Slobodan Milosevic. |
| | D) | Alija Izerbegovic. |
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| 40 | |
According to Steven Majstorovic, who does not believe that ethnic leaders were responsible for the disintegration of Yugoslavia, the problems that befell Yugoslavia began when |
| | A) | the United States refused to help keep the republic together. |
| | B) | Tito died and the centralized communist system began to disintegrate. |
| | C) | Croatia and Slovenia seceded from the Yugoslav union. |
| | D) | war broke out in the independent province of Kosovo. |
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| 41 | |
Martin Feldstein, who believes that the European Monetary Union will increase the potential for transatlantic conflict, especially predicts more conflict between a united Europe and the United States over |
| | A) | the spread of American music and popular culture. |
| | B) | foreign policy and international trade issues. |
| | C) | worldwide interest rates. |
| | D) | travel and tourism visas. |
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| 42 | |
Werner Weidenfeld, who does not believe the European Monetary Union will increase the potential for transatlantic conflict, finds Europe and the United States facing similar challenges in all of the following areas except |
| | A) | race relations. |
| | B) | social security reform. |
| | C) | environmental management. |
| | D) | educational reform. |
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| 43 | |
Franoise Thibaud, who believes that contemporary feminism should ally itself with individualism, finds individualism |
| | A) | to be a very minor factor in successful revolutions. |
| | B) | working counter to the goals of modern feminism. |
| | C) | to be the basis for successfully arguing justice claims. |
| | D) | to be successful for men but not for women. |
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| 44 | |
Elizabeth Fox-Genovese, who does not believe that contemporary feminism should ally itself with individualism, distrusts individualism because she |
| | A) | fears it will make women too selfish. |
| | B) | sees that it has led and continues to lead to exploitation. |
| | C) | fears that it will make women forget their primary obligations to home and family. |
| | D) | believes it has never led to freedom or justice for any group of people. |
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| 45 | |
According to Samuel P. Huntington, who believes that Western civilization is in a state of decline, the only current civilization that can influence the actions of others is |
| | A) | Russia. |
| | B) | the West. |
| | C) | China. |
| | D) | Islam. |
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| 46 | |
According to Francis Fukuyama, who does not believe that Western civilization is in a state of decline, the greatest economic growth in the world since World War II has occurred in |
| | A) | East Asia. |
| | B) | Latin America. |
| | C) | Western Europe. |
| | D) | the Islamic world. |
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